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Hegel and the Modern World | ||
| مجله پژوهش های فلسفی | ||
| دوره 19، شماره 53، دی 1404، صفحه 25-42 اصل مقاله (995.52 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jpiut.2025.21085 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| Stephen Houlgate | ||
| Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom | ||
| چکیده | ||
| In this essay I examine Hegel’s critique of England and France in his own day, and I argue that this critique sheds light on what he would say about constitutional states in the twenty-first century. Hegel’s critique is based on the normative “idea” of freedom he sets out in his Philosophy of Right (1820). This idea, which in Hegel’s view determines what rights and institutions are necessary for true freedom, gives a central role to what he calls “corporations” — business or trade associations, but also local communities and towns — in the free, rational state. The purpose of these corporations is twofold: first, to render economic activity cooperative and “ethical”, and so to prevent the emergence of systematic poverty, and second, to send delegates to the legislature who represent legitimate interests in civil society, rather than just numbers of people. Hegel argues, however, that corporations disappeared or were abolished in England and France and that this led to extreme poverty in England and to the “liberal” idea in France that political authority should derive from the individual will (an idea that in turn sets the “people” permanently against government). I argue that poverty and individualistic “liberalism” remain problems in the twenty-first century, and that a Hegelian solution to these problems would be to reintroduce corporations (or their equivalent) something that Hegel himself advocated in the 1820s. Hegel’s alternative to unrestrained capitalism and liberalism both of which he thinks undermine true freedom and right is thus not, as Marx recommends, to abolish the system of free production and exchange altogether, but to imbue citizens with an ethical concern for one another in their economic and political life an ethical concern that is grounded in corporations, associations and other communities. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Hegel؛ Freedom؛ Right؛ Poverty؛ Corporations؛ Liberalism | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Anderson, J. (2001). “Hegel’s Implicit View on How to Solve the Problem of Poverty: The Responsible Consumer and the Return of the Ethical to Civil Society”, in Beyond Liberalism and Communitarianism. Studies in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, ed. R.R. Williams, Albany: SUNY Press, 185-205. Bullock, A. (1962). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, 2nd ed, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Hardimon, M. O. (1994). Hegel’s Social Philosophy. The Project of Reconciliation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hegel, G.W.F. (1975). Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction: Reason in History, trans. H.B. Nisbet, with an Introduction by D. Forbes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [= LPWH] Hegel, G.W.F. (1991). Elements of the Philosophy of Right, ed. A.W. Wood, trans. H.B. Nisbet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [= PR] Hegel, G.W.F. (2013-15). Vorlesungen über die Philosophie des Rechts, ed. D. Felgenhauer and K. Grotsch, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 26, Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag. [= GW26] Hegel, G.W.F. (2015-20). Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Weltgeschichte, ed. B. Collenberg-Plotnikov, W. Jaeschke and R. Paimann, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 27, Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag. [= GW27] Herzog, L. (2013). Inventing the Market. Smith, Hegel, and Political Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Houlgate, S. (2005). An Introduction to Hegel. Freedom, Truth and History, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell). Marx, K. (1970). Critique of Hegel’s “Philosophy of Right”, trans, A. Jolin and J. O. Malley, ed. J. O’Malley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Marx, K. (2000). Selected Writings, ed. D. McLellan, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). O’Neill, O. (2002). A Question of Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Popper, K. (1966). The Open Society and its Enemies, 2 vols., 5th ed. (London: Routledge). Sieyès, E. (1951). What is the Third Estate? in A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution, ed. J. Hall Stewart, New York: Macmillan, 42-56. Vieweg, K. (2012). Das Denken der Freiheit. Hegels Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, Munich: Wilhelm Fink. Waszek, N. (1988). The Scottish Enlightenment and Hegel’s Account of “Civil Society”, Dordrecht: Kluwer. Wood, A. W. (1990). Hegel’s Ethical Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | ||
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