آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 45 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 1,477 |
| تعداد مقالات | 18,019 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 58,369,955 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 19,801,350 |
Hegel, America, and the Crisis of the Sittlichkeit | ||
| مجله پژوهش های فلسفی | ||
| دوره 19، شماره 53، دی 1404، صفحه 209-224 اصل مقاله (1001.39 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jpiut.2025.67944.4142 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| کارلوس گریدو1؛ کریستوفر هلالی* 2 | ||
| 1PhD of Philosophy, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. Independent Scholar. Director, Midwestern Marx Institute for Marxist Theory and Political Analysis, USA | ||
| 2Independent Scholar. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, Royal Asiatic Society, Royal Anthropological Institute, and Associate Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. MA in Marxist Philosophy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China | ||
| چکیده | ||
| This paper examines the contemporary comprehensive crisis of legitimacy in the United States as a collapse of ethical life (Sittlichkeit), the historically constituted unity between individual will and the objective institutions that structure social existence. It begins by tracing Hegel’s critique of Kant’s moral formalism (Moralität), showing that freedom must be grounded not in abstract autonomy but in the rational institutions through which individuals recognize themselves in society. Following Hegel and scholars such as Terry Pinkard, Charles Taylor, Robert Pippin, Michael Lazarus, Karen Ng, and Slavoj Žižek, the paper argues that ethical life is actual when individuals experience their belief, purpose, and actions as continuous with the shared ideals and practices of the community. When this alignment fractures – when institutions are no longer experienced as rational or authoritative – a crisis of ethical life emerges. Drawing from Hegel’s account of Sittlichkeit and a Marxist critique of capitalist political economy, the paper contends that the United States is in the midst of such a crisis. What persists is not an actual ethical life organically grounded and necessary, but a hollowed-out structure experienced as arbitrary and artificial, sustained through mutual misrecognition rather than genuine belief. The result is widespread alienation, distrust, and disunity between people and dominant institutions. The paper concludes by arguing that the only path forward lies in constructing new institutions – dual power formations – grounded in collective freedom, mutual recognition, and human flourishing, which can serve as the basis for a renewed ethical life. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| G.W.F. Hegel؛ Immanuel Kant؛ Ethical Life (Sittlichkeit)؛ Marxist Political Economy؛ Ideology؛ Crisis of Legitimacy | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Aristotle. (1998). Politics. Trans by C.D.C. Reeve. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. Brandom, R. (2019). A Spirit of Trust: A Reading of Hegel’s Phenomenology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Brenan, M. (2022). Media Confidence Ratings at Record Low. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/394817/media-confidence-ratings-record-lows.aspx Broad, C. D. (1978). Kant: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Calfas, J. and DeBarros, A. (2025). U.S. Fertility Rate Remains Near Record Low. The Wall Street Journal.https://www.wsj.com/us-news/u-s-fertility-rate-remains-near-record-low-d6324668?utm_source=chatgpt.com Congress and the Public. Gallup: https://news.gallup.com/poll/1600/congress-public.aspx Garrido, C.L. (2025). The Dual Meaning of the Crisis in Philosophy. Red America 009. 1-17. Garrido, C. L. (2023). The Purity Fetish and the Crisis of Western Marxism. Dubuque: Midwestern Marx Publishing Press. Hegel, G.W.F. (1991). Elements of the Philosophy of Right. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hegel, G.W.F. (1978). Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Trans. T.M. Knox. New York: Oxford University Press. Hegel, G. W. F. (1984). Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion Vol 2, Trans. by Peter C. Hodgson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hegel, G.W.F. (1977). Phenomenology of Spirit. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hegel, G.W.F. (2010). Philosophy of Mind. Trans. W. Wallace and A.V. Miller, Introduction and Commentary Michael Inwood. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hegel, G.W.F. (1999). Political Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hegel, G.W.F. (1981). The Berlin Phenomenology. Trans M.J. Petry. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. Hegel, G. W. F. (1956). The Philosophy of History. New York: Dover. Helali, C. (2022). Unipolarity to Multipolarity: The Birth of a New International Order. In Bandung-Belgrade-Havana in Global History and Perspective: The Deployment of Bandung Constellation towards a Global Future. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press. Herman, E. & Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books. Jameson, F. (2016). An American Utopia: Dual Power and the Universal Army. New York: Verso. Kant, I. (1889). Critique of Practical Reason. Trans. Thomas Kingsmill Abbott. London: Longmans, Greens, and Co. Kant, I. (1996). Critique of Pure Reason. Indianapolis. Hackett Publishing. Kant, I. (2005). Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals. Indianapolis: Hackett. Kant, I. (1933). Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. By Kemp Smith. London. McMillan and Co. Lazarus, M. (2025). Absolute Ethical Life: Aristotle, Hegel, Marx. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Lukács, G. (1975). The Young Hegel: Studies in the Relations Between Dialectics and Economics. London: Merlin Press. Marx, K. (1959). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy Vol. III. Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House. Mbembe, A. (2008). Aesthetics of Superfluity. In Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis, Ed. Sarah Nuttall and Achille Mbembe. 37-67. London: Duke University Press. Moeller, H.G. and D’Ambriosio, P. (2021). You and Your Profile: Identity After Authenticity. Columbia: Columbia University Press. Naticchia, C. (1994). Kant on the Third Antinomy: Is Freedom Possible in a World of Natural Necessity? History of Philosophy Quarterly 11(4). 393-403. Ng, K. (2020). Hegel’s Concept of Life: Self-Consciousness, Freedom, Logic. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Novakovic, A. (2017). Hegel on Second Nature in Ethical Life. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Parenti, M. (1986). Inventing Reality: The Politics of the Mass Media. New York: St. Martins Press. Peffer, R.G. (1990). Marxism, Morality, and Social Justice. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Pinkard, T. (2002). German Philosophy 1760-1860: The Legacy of Idealism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pinkard, T. (1996). Hegel’s Phenomenology: The Sociality of Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pippin, R. (2008). Hegel’s Practical Philosophy: Rational Agency as Ethical Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rose, G. (2009). Hegel Contra Sociology. London: Verso. Rumyantseva, T. (2023), Moral philosophy as an object of Hegel’s debate with Kant in The Phenomenology of Spirit. 12th Kant-Readings Conference, SHS Web of Conferences 161, https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202316102007 Taylor, C. (1975). Hegel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wills, V.C. (2024). Marx’s Ethical Vision. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Žižek, S. (2002). Welcome to the Desert of the Real! Five Essays on September 11 and Related Dates. New York: Verso. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 471 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 70 |
||