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Divine Foreknowledge and Human Moral Responsibility (In Defense of Muslim Philosophers’ Approach) | ||
| مجله پژوهش های فلسفی | ||
| مقاله 19، دوره 13، شماره 28، 1398، صفحه 275-290 اصل مقاله (443.64 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jpiut.2019.32402.2271 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| توکل کوهی گیگلو* 1؛ سید ابراهیم آقازاده2 | ||
| 1استادیار گروه معارف اسلامی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهر، ایران | ||
| 2استادیار گروه معارف اسلامی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| According to most Muslim philosophers, the Divine foreknowledge, on the one hand, is so inclusive that encompasses each and every minor and timed action of moral agents, and because of the perfection of God in essence and attributes, any defects in His essence and attributes including any errors in His foreknowledge are impossible. On the other hand, these philosophers, like other defenders of free will, claim that significance of any kind of free will and responsibility of a moral agent depends on their access to alternate possibilities (PAP (and, consequently, their ability to do and not to do an action simultaneously. This paper aims to deal with this highly debated and rooted question that whether these two views are essentially in conflict with each other. To answer this pivotal question briefly based on a modified version of Frankfurt cases and Muslim philosophers’ definition of free will, we attempt to defend their initial approach to eliminating the conflict between Divine foreknowledge and free will or moral responsibility and show that, firstly, this infallible knowledge is contingent on the agent’s voluntary action and, secondly, despite the principle of alternate possibilities, moral responsibility of the agent does not depend on the person’s avoidance of the forthcoming action. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| foreknowledge؛ moral responsibility؛ free will؛ Frankfurt؛ principle of alternative possibilities (PAP) | ||
| مراجع | ||
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- Dennett, Daniel C. (1984) Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting, Oxford: Clarendon Press. - Fischer, John Martin and Ravizza, Mark (1991) “Responsibility and Inevitability” Ethics, 101. - Frankfurt, Harry (1969) “Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibilities”, Journal of Philosophy, 66. - Helli, Hasan Ibn Yousef (1984) Kashfol Morad, Qom: Mostafavi Publication. - Ibn Sina, Hossein Ibn Abdollah (1984) Shefa, Qom: School of Ayatollah Marashi Najafi Publication. - Jorjani, Seyed Sharif (1991) Sharhol Mavaghef, Qom: Alrazi Publication, Vol. 8. - Levy, Neil and McKenna Michael (2009) “Recent Work on Free Will and Moral Responsibility”, Philosophy Compass 4/1. - Mesbah Yazdi, Mohammad Taghi (2000) Theological Instructions, Tehran: International Publication, Third edition, Vol. 1. - Mir Damad, Mohammad Bagher (1995) Gabasat, Tehran: University of Tehran Publication Institution. - Mir Damad, Mohammad Bagher (2001) Mosannafat, Tehran: Cultural Heritage Society, Vol. 1. - Mulla Sadra, Sadroddin Mohammad (1980) Alshavahedol Roboubieh, Mashhad: Mashhad University Publication, Second Edition. - Mulla Sadra, Sadroddin Mohammad (1981) Alhekmatol Motaalieh, Beirout, Dar Olehyae Torathe Alarabi, Vol. 6. - Pike, Nelson (1993) “A latter-day look at the Foreknowledge Problem”, Philosophy of Religion, 33. - Pinnock, Clark H. and Others (1994) “the Openness of God: A Biblical Challenge to the Traditional Understanding of God”, BYU Studies Quarterly, Vol. 42. - Sohrevardi, Shahaboddin Yahya (1976) Collection of Writings, Talvihat; Correction and Investigation by Henry Corbin, Tehran: Islamic Philosophy Society of Iran Publication. - Taftazani, Masoud Ibn Umar (1989) Sharh Olmaghased, Corrected by Abdolrahman Omeire, Qom: Alrazi publication, Vol. 4. - Tavakoli, GholamHossein (2011) "Human's Freedom and Divine Foreknowledge", Philosophy of Religion, No. 10. - Van Inwagen, Peter, (1983) An Essay on Free Will, Oxford: Clarendon Press. - Warfield, Ted (2003) Compatibilism and Incompatibilism: Some Arguments, the Oxford Handbook of Metaphysics. Oxford University Press. | ||
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