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Panentheism versus Pantheism in the East and West with Special Reference to Shankara and Ramanuja's Views: an overview | ||
| مجله پژوهش های فلسفی | ||
| دوره 18، شماره 48، 1403، صفحه 161-172 اصل مقاله (1.03 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jpiut.2024.63078.3847 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| Ali Naqi Baqershahi | ||
| Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Imam Khomeini International University, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Panentheism and pantheism represent one of the most profound, even startling parallels across the world’s great metaphysical traditions about which the present article seeks to explore and carry out a comparative study of certain Eastern and Western philosophers with special reference to the views of two chief exponents of Advaita Vedanta of Indian philosophy, Shankara and Ramanuja. Both these terms, touch on the relation of God and the universe with the difference that the former seems to be rigid, motionless, and abstract and lacks a kind of religious fervor in its approach, while the latter is presumed to be concrete and palpable and seeks to reconcile philosophical thinking with the demands of religious feelings as well. God in pantheism is compared to the God of Spinoza, the Neutrum of Schelling, and Shankara's concept of indeterminate Brahman. In contrast, in the West Hegelian Absolute, and Ramanuja's qualified Brahman in Indian tradition, both are accredited with panentheism in which a personal God, identity-in-and-through-difference, has all auspicious qualities. Though these philosophers are from totally different temperaments and cultures, their philosophical method has certain similarities that have been examined in this work. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| panentheism؛ Shankara؛ pantheism؛ Ramanuja؛ Spinoza؛ Hegel؛ God؛ universe | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Andrei A. Β. & Yujin Ν. (eds.). (2016). Alternative Concepts of God: Essays on the Metaphysics of the Divine. Oxford University Press. Bunnin, Ν. & Yu Jiyuan. (2009). The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy, Wiley Blackwell. Bartley, C. J. (2002). The Theology of Ramanuja: Realism and Religion, Routledge. Deleuze. G. (1990). Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza, translated by M. Joughin, Zone Press. Eliot. S. C. (2016). Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol. 2, Routledge & Kegan Paul LTD. Hartshorne, C. & Reese, W. L. (eds.) (1953). Philosophers Speak of God, University of Chicago Press. Hegel. (1984). Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, Vol.3, Routledge & Kegan Paul LTD. Kahn, C. H. (1960). Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, Columbia University Press. Appendix II. May, T. (2005). Gilles Deleuze: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press. Nasr, H. & Leaman, O. (Ed.) (1995). History of Islamic Philosophy, Arayeh Cultural Ins. Philip, C. & Arthur, P. (eds.) (2004). In Whom We Live and Move and Have Our Being; Panentheistic Reflections on God's Presence in a Scientific World, Eerdmans. Radhakrishnan, S. (1983). Indian Philosophy. Vol. 2, Blackie & Son Publishers PVT. LTD. Raju, P. T. (1985). Structural Depths of Indian Thought, South Asia Publisher, New Delhi, Sharma, Chandradhar, A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass. Smith, Danial W., (2012) Essays on Deleuze, Edinburgh University. Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2008). Ibn Arabi, William Chittick, substantive revision, 2019. Shakuntala, G. (2016). Monism of Sankara and Spinoza, International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 4(3), 483-489. Spinoza. (1954), Ethics, Hafner Publishing Company. | ||
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