آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 44 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 1,339 |
| تعداد مقالات | 16,461 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 53,439,254 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 16,002,438 |
Logical Content and Its Malcontents | ||
| مجله پژوهش های فلسفی | ||
| مقاله 22، دوره 17، شماره 42، خرداد 1402، صفحه 281-297 اصل مقاله (426.62 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jpiut.2023.16588 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| David Miller | ||
| Emeritus Reader, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK | ||
| چکیده | ||
| The doctrine that the content of the conclusion of a deductively valid argument is included in the content of its premises, taken jointly, is a familiar one. It has important consequences for the question of what value valid arguments possess, since it indicates the poverty of three traditional answers: that arguments may and should be used as instruments of persuasion, that they may and should be used as instruments of justification; and that they may and should be used to advance knowledge. The truth is, however, that in each of these cases the argument has only a managerial role and, if there is any work done, it is the premises that do it. It will be maintained that this point has little force against the critical rationalist answer, which I shall defend, that the principal purpose of deductive reasoning from an assemblage of premises is the exploration of their content, facilitating their criticism and rejection. That said, the main aim of the present paper is not to promote critical rationalism but to consider some published objections to the doctrine that a statement asserts every statement that is validly deducible from it. The alleged counterexamples to be considered fall roughly into two groups: statements that emerge with time from a rich mathematical or empirical theory, but were originally unformulated and are deducible from the theory only in a non-trivial way (Frederick 2011, 2014; Williamson 2012); and statements, notably disjunctions, that are easily formulated and are deducible from a theory in a trivial way (Schurz & Weingartner 1987; Mura 1990, 2008; Gemes 1994; Yablo 2014). Each of these counterexamples will be evaluated and dismissed. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| logical content؛ assertoric content؛ Karl Popper؛ William Minto؛ disjunction؛ objective knowledge؛ material conditional؛ partial truth؛ Ross's paradox | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Bar-Hillel, Y. & Carnap, R. (1954). Semantic Information. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 4, pp.145–157. Bunge, M. A. (1987). Seven Desiderata for Rationality. In J. Agassi & I. C. Jarvie, editors, pp.5–15. Rationality: The Critical View. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Carnap, R. & Bar-Hillel, Y. (1952). An Outline of a Theory of Semantic Information. Technical Report #247. Cambridge MA: Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Reprinted in Part IV of Y. Bar-Hillel (1964). Language and Information. Selected Essays on Their Theory and Application. Reading MA: Addison-Wesley. Church, A. (1942). Introduction to Mathematical Logic I. Princeton University Press. Church, A. (1932). A Set of Postulates for the Foundation of Logic. Annals of Mathematics 33(2), 346–366. Fine, K. (2018). Some Remarks on Popper's Qualitative Criterion of Verisimilitude. Erkenntnis, 87(1), 213–236. Frederick, D. (2011). Deduction and Novelty. The Reasoner, 5(4), 56b–57b. Slightly expanded version made available by the author. Frederick, D. (2014). Deduction and Novelty Again. The Reasoner, 8(5), 51b–52b. Frederick, D. (2020). Against the Philosophical Tide. Essays in Popperian Critical Rationalism. Critias Publishing. Gemes, K. (1994). A New Theory of Content I: Basic Content. Journal of Philosophical Logic 23(6), 595–620. Hamilton, W. (1859–1860). Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic, Vol. III. Edited by H. L. Mansel & J. Veitch. W. Blackwood and Sons. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t3707z04z;view= 1up;seq=62 Kaye, R. W. (2014). Circularity in Soundness and Completeness. The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, 20(1), 24–38. Kleene, S. C. & Rosser, J. B. (1935). The Inconsistency of Certain Formal Logics. Annals of Mathematics, 36(3), 630–636. Marans, D. (2018). Logic Gallery. 8th edition. Morrisville NC: Lulu Press, Inc. Electronic edition continually updated on line at https://archive.org/details/logic-gallery Meredith, C. A. (1953). Single axioms for the systems (C, N), (C, 0), and (A, N) of the two-valued propositional calculus. Journal of Computing Systems, 1(3), 155–164. Mill, J. S. (1843). A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive. Longmans, Green & Co. Ltd. 8th ed. 1882. Miller, D. W. (2005). Do We Reason When We Think We Reason, or Do We Think? Learning for Democracy, 1(3), 57–71. http://www.warwick.ac.uk/go/dwmiller/lfd–.pdf Miller, D. W. & Taliga, M. (2008). Through A Glass Darkly. A Final Rejoinder to Raclavský. Organon F (Bratislava) 15(4) 473–476. http://www.klemens.sav.sk/fiusav/doc/organon/2008/4/473–476.pdf Miller, D. W. (1994). Critical Rationalism. A Restatement and Defense. Open Court Publishing Company. Electronic edition 2015. Miller, D. W. (1995). À quoi sert la logique?. Hermès, 15, pp.291–300. French translation by A. Boyer of 'What Is Logic For?' (Unpublished). Miller, D. W. (1998). Is Scientific Knowledge an Inexhaustible Economic Resource? The Critical Rationalist 3, 1, 17. iv. http://www.eeng.dcu.ie/ tkpw/tcr/volume–03/number–01 Miller, D. W. (2006). Out of Error. Further Essays on Critical Rationalism. Ashgate Publishing Company. Paperback and electronic editions (2017). Routledge. Miller, D. W. (2008). Overcoming the Justificationist Addiction. Iranian Journal of Philosophical Investigations 4(11), 167–182. http://wuwr.pl/spwr/article/view/5234/4917. Persian translation by A. Paya. `Ghalabeh bar E'tiyād beh Movajjah Sāzī'. Baharestan ([Iranian Academy of Science] 5, 2019, pp. 145–158 [the journal has now been renamed Nameh Farhangestan-e Ulum]. Miller, D. W. (2014). Some Hard Questions for Critical Rationalism. Discusiones Filosoficas, 15(24) 15–40. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/difil/v15n24/v15n24a02.pdf Miller, D. W. (2015). Errando el blanco. La desdichada historia de las críticas al falsacionismo. In R. López O., C. Verdugo S. & B. Bevensee B., editors, pp. 89–125. El legado de Karl Popper (1902–1994). Reflexiones a 20 años de su muerte. Instituto de Filosofía, Universidad de Valparaíso. Updated English translation at: http://www.warwick.ac.uk/go/dwmiller/uvtext.pdf Minto, W. (1893). Logic, Inductive and Deductive. John Murray. Montague, R. M. & Henkin, L. A. (1956). On the Definition of “Formal Deduction”. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 21(2), 129–136. Mura, A. M. (1990). When probabilistic support is inductive. Philosophy of Science, 57(2), 278-289. Mura, A. M. (2008). Can Logical Probability Be Viewed as a Measure of Degrees of Partial Entailment?. Logic & Philosophy of Science, VI(1), 25–33. http://www.academia.edu/26156970/Can__Logical__ Probability__Be__Viewed__as__a__Measure__of_Partial__Entailment? Oddie, G. J. (2014). Truthlikeness. In E. N. Zalta, editor (2016). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/truthlikeness/ Oddie, G. J. (2018). Truth and Truthlikeness. In M. Glanzberg, ed., pp. 625-647. The Oxford Handbook of Truth, Oxford University Press. Petroski, H. (2010). The Essential Engineer. Why Science Alone Will Not Solve Our Global Problems. Alfred A. Knopf. Popper, K. R. & Miller, D. W. (1983). A Proof of the Impossibility of Inductive Probability. Nature 302, 21.iv.1983, pp. 687f. Popper, K. R. (1934). Logik der Forschung. Julius Springer Verlag. English translation, Popper (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchinson. Popper, K. R. (1957). Philosophy of Science: A Personal Report. In C. A. Mace, ed. (1957), pp. 155–191. British Philosophy in the Mid–Century. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. Reprinted as Chapter 1 of Popper (1963). Popper, K. R. (1962). Die Logik der Sozialwissenschaften. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 14(2), 233–248. English translation: Popper (1994), Chapter 5. Popper, K. R. (1963). Conjectures and Refutations. 5th edition 1989. Routledge & Kegan Paul. Popper, K. R. (1972). Objective Knowledge. 2nd edition 1979, Clarendon Press. Popper, K. R. (1976a). Unended Quest. An Intellectual Autobiography. Routledge Classics edition. Routledge (2002). Originally published in P. A. Schilpp, ed. (1974), pp.1–181. The Philosophy of Karl Popper. Open Court Publishing Company. Popper, K. R. (1976b). A Note on Verisimilitude. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 27(2), 147–159. Popper, K. R. (1994). In Search of a Better World. Routledge. Ross, A. (1941). Imperatives and Logic. Theoria, 7(1), 53–71. Schurz, G. & Weingartner, P. (1987). Verisimilitude Defined by Relevant Consequence–Elements. In T. A. F. Kuipers, ed. (1987), pp. 47–77, What Is Closer–to–the–Truth? Rodopi. Williamson, T. (2012). Logic and Neutrality. Opinionator. The New York Times. The Stone, 13. https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/13/logic–and–neutrality/ Yablo, S. (2014). Aboutness. Princeton University Press. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 346 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 383 |
||