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The Experimental Philosophy or Francis Bacon’s Elenchus | ||
| مجله پژوهش های فلسفی | ||
| مقاله 12، دوره 17، شماره 42، 1402، صفحه 107-126 اصل مقاله (778.65 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jpiut.2000.16576 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| Jagdish Hattiangadi | ||
| Professor of Philosophy at York University- Canada | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Critical rationalism faces difficulty in Karl Popper’s Socratic formulation: “I may be wrong, and you may be right, and by an effort, we may find the truth.” But the Socratic elenchus, using refutations, can only give us negative knowledge of general principles, which is not the wisdom we seek. Affirmatively, we can only find a collection of opinions to be coherent, which is one of many. Francis Bacon proposed an improved elenchus to find general truths. You must take up a limited topic to study, then cross-examine your evidence for and against its apparent nature. Experiments contrary to evidence and presumed knowledge are entered as self-contradictions in tables of opposition recorded in an “experimental and natural history.” Such an account highlights a challenging puzzle if the account is to be made coherent. With enough problematized evidence, a coherent reading, or a solution of the puzzle, will be unique. Being both coherent and unique, it will be the truth about that limited reality being investigated. Unlike the method of hypothesis (“Anticipating Nature”), deciphering a coherent model is “Interpreting Nature,” allowing us to find a general truth on a limited topic. Isaac Newton achieved great success using Robert Boyle’s mechanistic version of this method. Using the “experimental philosophy,” he discovered general principles of optics and astronomy. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Induction؛ Skepticism؛ Coherentism؛ Scientific Method؛ Bacon؛ Newton؛ Locke | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Bacon, F. (2000, 1620). The New Organon, Anderson, Fulton S. ed., and trans. by Spedding, J. Ellis, R. & Heath, D. The Works, Vol. VIII, reprinted by Bobbs Merrill Empiricus, S. (2000). Outlines of Skepticism. Anna, J. & Barnes, J. (eds.) Cambridge University Press. Feyerabend, P. (1975). Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge. Verso. Giunti, M. (1988). Hattiangadi’s Theory of Scientific Problems and the Structure of Standard Epistemologies, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 39, 421-439. Hattiangadi, J. (1983). A Methodology without Methodological Rules, in R. S. Cohen & M. W. Wartowsky, eds., Language, Logic, and Method, pp. 103-151 in the Boston Studies in Philosophy of Science series, D. Reidel Publishing Company. Hattiangadi, J. (2021). Popper and Kuhn: A Different Retrospect, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 51(1), 91-117. Hume, D. (1977/1748). An Enquiry into Human Understanding. Steinberg Eric. (Ed.) Hackett Publishing. Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The University of Chicago Press. Locke, J. (1975/1686). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. N. Paul. (Ed.) Clarendon Press. Newton, I. (1672). A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton, Mathematics Professor in the University of Cambridge; containing his New Theory about Light and Color. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Royal Society. Newton, I. (1034/1686). Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Vols. I-III. M., Andrew & C., Florian. (Eds.) University of California Press. Plato. (1961). The Complete Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters, H. Edith & C. Huntington (Eds.) Random House. Quine, W. V. O. (1952). Two Dogmas of Empiricism, in From a Logical Point of View. Harvard University Press. Vlastos, G. (1994). The Socratic Elenchus: Method is All, in Socratic Studies, V. Gregory & B. Myles. (Eds.) Cambridge University Press. | ||
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