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Place goes wrong in treating mind-brain relationship: Clarifying why identity theory is neither reasonable nor a mere scientific problem in disguise | ||
مجله پژوهش های فلسفی | ||
مقاله 10، دوره 9، شماره 17، اسفند 1394، صفحه 173-202 اصل مقاله (623.78 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی- پژوهشی | ||
نویسنده | ||
مهدی سلیمانی خورموجی* | ||
دانشجوی دکتری فلسفه، دانشگاه امام خمینی، قزوین، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
پِلِیس بر این باور است که مسائل فلسفی مرتبط با ماهیتِ نسبتِ میان ذهن و مغز، در نهایت بهنفعِ مادیگرایی -خصوصاً نظریه اینهمانیِ نوعی- کنار گذاشته یا منحل خواهند شد. او این مدعا را فرضیهای علمی و مستدل میداند. من در این مقاله نشان خواهم داد که ماجرا بهگونهای نیست که او میپندارد. اگر چه این متن، سراسر، حاوی جزئیات فراوانی در باب موضع پِلِیس است ولی به منظور فراهم آوردن بستری برای نقد، در ابتدا، رویکرد او به مسئله مد نظر را اجمالاً توضیح خواهم داد. سپس، موضع او را به چهار تز فروکاسته و نشان خواهم داد که مدعای اصلی نظریه اینهمانیِ نوعی، علاوه بر آن که مستدل نیست بلکه حتی مسئلهای صرفاً متعلق به علوم تجربی نیز به شمار نمیآید. من بر این باورم که نظریه اینهمانیِ نوعی، حداکثر، باید به منزله فرضیهای تلقی شود که اگر چه به طور تقریبی ناظر به کارکردِ نسبتِ میان ذهن و مغز است ولی هیچ چیزی را درباره ماهیتِ واقعیِ این نسبت نمایان نمیسازد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
ذهن؛ مغز؛ اینهمانی؛ تحلیلی و ترکیبی؛ ضرورت پسین؛ درونگرایی؛ برونگرایی | ||
مراجع | ||
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(1999): "Neural Plasticity", in The MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences, edited by R. A. Wilson and F. C. Keil, MIT Press. Goldman, A. I. (1988): "Strong and Weak Justification", in Philosophical Perspectives, Vol. 2: Epistemology, Ridgeview Publishing Company. Goldman, A. I. (2009): "Internalism, Externalism, and the Architecture of Justification", in The Journal of Philosophy. Goodman, N. (1983), Fact, Fiction, and Forecast, fourth edition, Harvard University Press. Harré, R. (2000): "Laws of Nature", in A Companion to Philosophy of Science, edited by W. H. Newton-Smith, Blackwell Publishers. Hume, D. (1825), the Philosophical Works of David Hume, Vol. 1, Edinburgh, London. Kant, I. (1929), Critique of Pure Reason, translated by N. K. Smith, Macmillan and Co., London. Kim, J. (1993): "Concepts of Supervenience", in Supervenience and Mind: Selected Philosophical Essays, edited by J. Kim, Cambridge University Press. Kripke, S. A. (1980), Naming and Necessity, Basil Blackwell. Lewis, D. (1966): "An Argument for the Identity Theory", in Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 63, No. 1. Lewis, D. (1983): "Mad Pain and Martian Pain", in Philosophical Papers, Vol. I, Oxford University Press. Lowe, E. J. (2004): An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind, Cambridge University Press. McLaughlin, B. P. (1996): "Supervenience", in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Supplement, edited by D. M. Borchert, Simon & Schuster Macmillan, New York. Place, U. T. (2004a): "Is Consciousness a Brain Process?", in Identifying the Mind: selected papers of U. T. Place, edited by G. Graham and E. R. Valentine, Oxford university press. Place, U. T. (2004b): "Materialism as a Scientific Hypothesis", in Identifying the Mind: selected papers of U. T. Place, edited by G. Graham and E. R. Valentine, Oxford university press. Place, U. T. (2004c): "Thirty Years on - Is Consciousness still a Brain Process?", in Identifying the Mind: selected papers of U. T. Place, edited by G. Graham and E. R. Valentine, Oxford university press. Place, U. T. (2004d):"On Social Relativity of Truth and the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction", in Identifying the Mind: selected papers of U. T. Place, edited by G. Graham and E. R. Valentine, Oxford university press. Place, U. T. (2004e): "Linguistic behaviorism as a philosophy of empirical science", in Identifying the Mind: selected papers of U. T. Place, edited by G. Graham and E. R. Valentine, Oxford university press. Place, U. T. (2004f):"Token- versus Type-Identity Physicalism", in Identifying the Mind: selected papers of U. T. Place, edited by G. Graham and E. R. Valentine, Oxford university press. Place, U. T. (2004g): "The Two-Factor Theory of the Mind-Brain Relation", in Identifying the Mind: selected papers of U. T. Place, edited by G. Graham and E. R. Valentine, Oxford university press. Place, U. T. (2004h): "The Causal Potency of Qualia: Its Nature and Its Source", in Identifying the Mind: selected papers of U. T. Place, edited by G. Graham and E. R. Valentine, Oxford university press. Place, U. T. (2004i): " Consciousness and the ‘Zombie-Within’: A Functional Analysis of the Blind sight Evidence", in Identifying the Mind: selected papers of U. T. Place, edited by G. Graham and E. R. Valentine, Oxford university press. Place, U. T. (2004j): "A Pilgrim's Process? From Mystical Experience to Biological Consciousness", in Identifying the Mind: selected papers of U. T. Place, edited by G. Graham and E. R. Valentine, Oxford university press. Putnam, H. (1975): "The Meaning of ‘Meaning’", in Philosophical Papers: Mind, Language and Reality, Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press. Quine, W. V. (1951): "Two Dogmas of Empiricism", in Philosophical Review, Vol. 60, No. 1. Schlick, M. (2002): "The Future of Philosophy", in Philosophy of Science: Contemporary Readings, edited by Y. Balashov and A. Rosenberg, Routledge, London and New York. Searle, J. R. (1958): "Proper Names", in Mind, New Series, Vol. 67, No. 266. Smart, J. J. C. (1959): "Sensations and Brain Processes", in Philosophical Review, Vol. 68, No. 2, Duke University Press. Smith, G. E. (2004): "The Methodology of the Principia", in the Cambridge Companion to Newton, edited by I. B. Cohen & G. E. Smith, Cambridge University Press.
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