ارزیابی پایداری نظام های تولید سیر، پیاز و گندم سیستان با تحلیل تلفیقی امرژی و اقتصادی

Amiri Z, Asgharipour MR, Campbell DE and Aghapoor Sabaghi M. 2020. Comparison of the sustainability of mechanized and traditional rapeseed production systems using an emergy-based production function: A case study in Lorestan Province, Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120891

Amiri Z, Asgharipour MR, Campbell DE and Armin M.,2019. A sustainability analysis of two rapeseed farming ecosystems in Khorramabad, Iran, based on emergy and economic analyses. Journal of Cleaner Production, 226: 1051-1066.

Asgharipour MR, Amiri Z, Asgharipour MR and Campbell DE. 2020. Evaluation of the sustainability of four greenhouse vegetable production ecosystems based on an analysis of emergy and social characteristics. Ecological Modelling, 424: 109021.

Asgharipour MR, Mondani F and Riahinia Sh. 2012. Energy use efficiency and economic analysis of sugar beet production system in Iran: A case study in Khorasan Razavi province. Energy, 44: 1078-1084.

Asgharipour MR, Salehi F and Ahmadpour M. 2016. Energy Consumption Pattern and Sensitivity Analysis of Irrigated Wheat Production Farms in Kermanshah. Environmental Sciences, 14(1): 9-18. (in Persian).

Asgharipour MR, Shahgholi H, Campbell DE, Khamari I and Ghadiri A. 2019. Comparison of the sustainability of bean production systems based on emergy and economic analyses. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(1): 2.

Bastianoni S, Marchettini N, Panzieri M and Tiezzi E. 2001. Sustainability assessment of a farm in the Chianti area (Italy). Journal of Cleaner Production, 9: 365–373.

Brandt-Williams SL. 2002. Handbook of Emergy Evaluation: Folio #4—Emergy of Florida Agriculture. Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.

Brown MT and Ulgiati S. 2004a. Energy quality, emergy, and transformity: H.T. Odum’s contributions to quantifying and understanding systems. Ecological Modelling, 178: 201–213.

Brown MT and Ulgiati S. 2004b. Emergy analysis and environmental accounting. Encyclopedia Energy 2, 329–354.

Brown MT, Brandt-Williams S, Tilley D and Ulgiati S. 2000. Emergy synthesis: an introduction. In: Brown M.T. (Ed.), Emergy Synthesis: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology, Proceedings from the First Biennial Emergy Analysis Research Conference. Centre for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL, pp. 1-14.

Cavalett O, Queiroz JF and Ortega E. 2006. Emergy assessment of integrated production systems of grains, pig and fish in small farms in the South Brazil. Ecological Modelling, 193, 205–224.

Chen F. 2011. Agricultural Ecology, second ed. China Agricultural University Press, Beijing.

Cheng H, Chen C, Wu S, Mirza ZA and Liu Z. 2017. Emergy evaluation of cropping, poultry rearing, and fish raising systems in the drawdown zone of Three Gorges Reservoir of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 144: 559-571.

Cohen MJ, Brown MT and Shepherd KD. 2006. Estimating the environmental costs of soil erosion at multiple scales in Kenya using emergy synthesis. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 114: 249–269.

Cuadra M and Rydberg T. 2006. Emergy evaluation on the production, processing and export of coffee in Nicaragua. Ecological Modelling, 196: 421–433.

de Barros JM, Blazy GS, Rodrigues R and Tournebize JP. 2009. Emergy evaluation and economic performance of banana cropping systems in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 129: 437–449.

Foley JA, Ramankutty N, Brauman KA, Cassidy ES, Gerber JS, Johnston M, Mueller ND, O’Connell C, Ray DK, West PC, Balzer C, Bennett EM, Carpenter SR, Hill J, Monfreda C, Polasky S, Rockstrom J, Sheehan J, Siebert S, Tilman D and Zaks DPM. 2011. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature, 478: 337–342.

Hole DG, Perkins AJ, Wilson JD, Alexander IH, Grice PV and Evans AD. 2005. Does organic farming benefit biodiversity? Biological Conservation, 122: 113-130.

ISO, 1928, 1995. Solid mineral fuels. Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method, and calculation of net calorific value. International Organization for Standardization.

Jafari M, Asgharipour MR, Ramroudi M, Galavi M and Hadarbadi G. 2018. Sustainability assessment of date and pistachio agricultural systems using energy, emergy and economic approaches. Journal of Cleaner Production, 193: 642-651.

Lan SF, Qin P and Lu HF. 2002. Emergy Assessment of Ecological Systems. Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, China, 75, 76, 406, 412.

Lavasani A, Ghanbari A and Asgharipour MR. 2015. Quantifying of Ecological Sustainability of Greenhouse Production Systems in Sistan. Agricultural Sciences and Sustainable Production, 25(3): 31-41. (in Persian).

Lu H, Bai Y, Ren H, Campbell DE. 2010. Integrated emergy, energy and economic evaluation of rice and vegetable production systems in alluvial paddy fields: implications for agricultural policy in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 91: 2727-2735.

Lu HF, Kang WL, Campbell DE, Ren H, Tan YW, Feng RX, Luo JT and Chen FP. 2009. Emergy and economic evaluations of four fruit production systems on reclaimed wetlands surrounding the Pearl River Estuary, China. Ecological Engineering, 35: 1743–1757.

Martin JF, Diemont SAW, Powell E, Stanton M and Levy-Tacher S. 2006. Emergy evaluation of the performance and sustainability of three agricultural systems with different scales and management. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 115: 128–140.

Moore SR. 2010. Energy efficiency in small-scale biointensive organic onion production in Pennsylvania, USA. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 25(3): 181-188.

Negaresh H and Khosravi M. 2000. Agricultural Climate Survey of Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Vice chancellor for research, Sistan and Baluchestan University. Zahedan. (in Persian).

Odum HT and Peterson N. 1996. Simulation and evaluation with energy systems blocks. Ecological Modelling, 93: 155–173.

Odum HT. 1996. Environmental accounting: emergy and environmental decision making. New York, NY, USA: Wiley.

Odum HT. 2000. Handbook of Emergy Evaluation. A Compendium of Data for Emergy Computation. Folio #2 Emergy global processes. Center of Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville.

Publisher: Statistical Centre of Iran, p. 355 (in Persian).

Samavatean N, Rafiee S, Mobli H and Mohammadi A. 2011. An analysis of energy use and relation between energy inputs and yield, costs and income of garlic production in Iran. Renewable Energy, 36: 1808-1813.

Sha Z, Guan F, Wang J, Zhang Y and Liu H. 2015. Evaluation of raising geese in cornfields based on emergy analysis: A case study in southeastern Tibet, China. Ecological Engineering, 84: 485–491.

Siatan and Baluchistan Province Statistical Yearbook 1394 (Iranian Year) [2015-2016], 2016.

Tilman D, Balzer C, Hill J and Befort BL. 2011. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108: 20260–20264.

Ulgiati S and Brown MT. 1998. Monitoring patterns of sustainability in natural and man-made ecosystems. Ecological Modelling, 108: 23-36.

Ulgiati S and Brown MT. 2002. Quantifying the environmental support for dilution and abatement of process emissions. The case of electricity production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 10: 335–348.

Wu XH, Wu FQ, Tong XG and Jiang B. 2013. Emergy-based sustainability assessment of an integrated production system of cattle, biogas, and greenhouse vegetables: Insight into the comprehensive utilization of wastes on a large-scale farm in Northwest China. Ecological Engineering, 61,: 335–344.

Zarrinkafsh M. 1994. Applied Soil Evaluation and Quantitative Analysis of Soil-Water-Plant. Tehran University Press. 342 pages (In Persian).

Zia-Tavana MH. 1992. Characteristics of the natural environment of Sistan basin. Geographical Articles Letter from Dr. Mohammad Hassan Ganji. Tehran. Geological Publishing. (In Persian).

 

Appendix:

Garlic systems

1- Solar energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (during growth season, 4.58E+09 J m^-2) × (1-albedo, 0.8) = 3.66E+13 J ha^-1

2- Wind, kinetic energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (air density, 1.3 kg m^-3) × (drag coefficient, 0.002) × (wind velocity, 11.22 m s^-1)³ × (growth season, 2.91E+7 s) = 1.07E+12 J ha^-1

3- Rain, chemical potential energy (J ha^-1): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (evapotranspiration, 0.910 m yr^-1) (density, 1,000 kg m^-3) (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg^-1) = 4.31E+10 J ha^-1

4- Rain, geopotential energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (rainfall, 0.032 m) × (runoff rate, 0.028) ×(average elevation, 480 m) × (density, 1000 kgm³) × (gravity, 9.8 m s^-2) = 4.21E+07 Jha^-1

7- River water energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (average quantity, 0.580 m) × (conversion, 1000 kg m^-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4900 J kg^-1) = 2.84E+10 J ha^-1

6- River water evapotranspiration energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (transpiration, 0.397 m yr^-1) × (density, 1,000 kg m^-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg^-1) = 1.88E+10 J ha^-1

7- Groundwater energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (average quantity, 0.085 m) × (conversion, 1000 kg m^-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4900 J kg^-1) = 4.17E+09 J ha^-1

8- Groundwater evapotranspiration energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (transpiration, 0.062 m yr^-1) × (density, 1,000 kg m^-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg^-1) = 2.94E+09 J ha^-1

9- SOM change: -0.11%

SOM reduction weight = (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (0.3 m, soil layer) × (1400 kg.m^-3, Soil bulk density) × (0.11%) = 4620 kg

SOM reduction energy: (4620 kg ha^-1, SOM reduction weight) × (5400 kcal kg^-1) × (4186 J kcal^-1) = 1.04E+11 J ha^-1

10- Soil erosion (gr ha^-1):

Average soil loss from water erosion calculated by USLE model (Vaezi et al., 2008; Ostovari et al., 2016) to be 3.42 E+06 gr ha^-1

11- Agricultural Machinery steel (gr ha^-1): 3.42E+06 gr (tractor) + 7.0E+05 gr (mouldboard plow) + 6.0E+05 gr (disc plow) + 8.0E+05 gr (leveler) = 5.53E+06 gr ha^-1

Assume an economic life of 25 years, yearly work hours 540 h and hours ha^-1 of 5 h.

Agricultural Machinery (g) = Σ (steel/economic life/yearly work hours) × hours ha^-1 = 2.43E+05 gr ha^-1

12- Fuel for machinery (J): (area, 1 ha) × (average quantity, 44.4 kg ha^-1) × (conversion, 4.67E+07 J kg^-1) = 2.07E+09 J

13- Garlic cloves (IR Rials ha^-1): (garlic cloves quantity: 500 kg ha^-1) × (garlic cloves price, 1.10E+05) = 5.50E+07 IR Rials ha^-1

14- Human labor (J ha^-1): (human labour working hour, 1160 h ha^-1) × (energy equivalent, 1.96E+06 J h^-1) = 2.27E+09 sej ha^-1

15- Electricity (J ha^-1): (average quantity, 75 kWh ha^-1) × (conversion, 3.6E+06 J kWh^-1) = 2.70E+08 Jha^-1 

 

Onion systems

1- Solar energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (during growth season, 4.52E+09 J m^-2) × (1-albedo, 0.8) = 3.62E+13 J ha^-1

2- Wind, kinetic energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (air density, 1.3 kg m^-3) × (drag coefficient, 0.002) × (wind velocity, 11.21 m s^-1)³ × (growth season, 2.89E+7 s) = 1.06E+12 J ha^-1

3- Rain, chemical potential energy (J ha^-1): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (evapotranspiration, 0.910 m yr^-1) (density, 1,000 kg m^-3) (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg^-1) = 4.31E+10 J ha^-1

4- Rain, geopotential energy (J)= (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (rainfall, 0.032 m) × (runoff rate, 0.028) ×(average elevation, 480 m) × (density, 1000 kgm³) × (gravity, 9.8 m s^-2) = 4.21E+07 J ha^-1

5- River water energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (average quantity, 0.460 m) × (conversion, 1000 kg m^-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4900 J kg^-1) = 2.25E+10 J ha^-1

6- River evapotranspiration energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (transpiration, 0.317 m yr^-1) × (density, 1,000 kg m^-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg^-1) = 1.50E+10 J ha^-1

7- Groundwater energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (average quantity, 0.080 m) × (conversion, 1000 kg m^-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4900 J kg^-1) = 3.92E+09 J ha^-1

8- Groundwater evapotranspiration energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (transpiration, 0.064 m yr^-1) × (density, 1,000 kg m^-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg^-1) = 3.03E+09 J ha^-1

8- SOM change: -0.09%

SOM reduction weight = (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (0.3 m, soil layer) × (1400 kg.m^-3, Soil bulk density) × (0.09%) = 3,780 kg

SOM reduction energy: (3780 kg ha^-1, SOM reduction weight) × (5400 kcal kg^-1) × (4186 J kcal^-1) = 8.54E+10 J ha^-1

9- Soil erosion (J):

Average soil loss from water erosion calculated by USLE model (Vaezi et al., 2008; Ostovari et al., 2016) to be 3.42 E+06 gr ha^-1

10- Agricultural Machinery steel (gr ha^-1): 3.42E+06 gr (tractor) + 7.0E+05 gr (mouldboard plow) + 6.0E+05 gr (disc plow) + 8.0E+05 gr (leveler) + 1.1E+06 (drill planter) = 6.63E+06 gr ha^-1

Assume an economic life of 25 years, yearly work hours 540 h and hours ha^-1 of 5 h.

Agricultural Machinery (gr) = Σ (steel/economic life/yearly work hours) × hours ha^-1 = 2.92E+05 gr ha^-1

11- Fuel for machinery (J): (area, 1 ha) × (average quantity, 62.6 kg ha^-1) × (conversion, 4.67E+07 J kg^-1) = 2.92E+09 J ha^-1

12- Onion seeds (gr ha^-1): (Seed quantity: 2.0 kg ha^-1) × (seed price, 1.20E+06) = 2.40E+06 IR Rials ha^-1

13- Human labor (J ha^-1): (human labour working hour, 650 h 1000 m^-2) × (energy equivalent, 1.96E+06 J h^-1) = 1.27E+09 J ha^-1

14- Electricity (J ha^-1): (area, 13.5 ha) × (average quantity, 70 kWh ha^-1) × (conversion, 3.6E+06 J kWh^-1) = 2.52E+08 J ha^-1

 

Wheat system

1- Solar energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (during growth season, 3.46E+09 J m^-2) × (1-albedo, 0.8) = 2.77E+13 J ha^-1

2- Wind, kinetic energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (air density, 1.3 kg m^-3) × (drag coefficient, 0.002) × (12.83 m s^-1)³ × (growth season, 1.55E+7s) = 8.51E+11 J ha^-1

3- Rain, chemical potential energy (J ha^-1): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (evapotranspiration, 0.882 m yr^-1) (density, 1,000 kg m^-3) (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg^-1) = 4.18E+10 J ha^-1

4- Rain, geopotential energy (J)= (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (rainfall, 0.03 m) × (runoff rate, 0.028) × (average elevation, 480 m) × (density, 1000 kgm³) × (gravity, 9.8 m s^-2) = 3.95E+07 J ha^-1

6- River water energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (average quantity, 0.51 m) × (conversion, 1000 kg m^-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4900 J kg^-1) = 2.50E+10 J ha^-1

5- River water evapotranspiration energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (transpiration, 0.349 m yr^-1) × (density, 1,000 kg m^-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg^-1) = 1.65E+10 J ha^-1

7- SOM change: -0.06%

SOM reduction weight = (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m² ha^-1) × (0.3 m, soil layer) × (1400 kg.m^-3, Soil bulk density) × (0.06%) = 2,520 kg ha^-1

SOM reduction energy: (2520 kg ha^-1, SOM reduction weight) × (5400 kcal kg^-1) × (4186 J kcal^-1) = 5.70E+10 J ha^-1

8- Soil erosion (J):

Average soil loss from water erosion calculated by USLE model (Vaezi et al., 2008; Ostovari et al., 2016) to be 3.42 E+06 gr ha^-1

9- Agricultural Machinery steel (gr ha^-1): 3.42E+06 gr (tractor) + 7.0E+05 gr (mouldboard plow) + 6.0E+05 gr (disc plow) + 8.0E+05 gr (leveler) + 1.1E+06 (drill planter) + 5.0E+05 gr (harrow) + 4.2E+06 gr (combine harvester) = 1.13E+07 gr ha^-1

Assume an economic life of 25 years, yearly work hours 540 h and hours ha^-1 of 5 h.

Agricultural Machinery (g) = (area, 1 ha) × Σ (steel/economic life/yearly work hours) × hours ha^-1 = 2.98E+05 gr ha^-1

10- Human labor (J ha^-1): (human labour working hour, 120 h 1000 m^-2) × (energy equivalent, 1.96E+06 J h^-1) = 2.35E+08 J ha^-1

11- Fuel for machinery (J): (area, 1 ha) × (average quantity, 82.0 kg ha^-1) × (conversion, 4.67E+07 J kg^-1) = 3.83E+09 J ha^-1