آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 45 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 1,556 |
| تعداد مقالات | 18,981 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 64,040,185 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 23,409,154 |
Legislating the Void, Mantaqat al Faragh, Machine Agency, and the Philosophical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Law in Iran | ||
| مجله پژوهش های فلسفی | ||
| مقاله 9، دوره 20، شماره 56، مهر 1405، صفحه 121-142 اصل مقاله (956.46 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jpiut.2026.73983.4658 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| رضا فرج پور* 1؛ دیوید جی گانکل2 | ||
| 1گروه حقوق، واحد یاسوج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، یاسوج ، ایران. | ||
| 2استاد گروه فلسفه و اخلاق، دانشکده فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات، دانشگاه ایلینویز شمالی، ایالات متحده آمریکا. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Can a legal order still tell an agent from an instrument, a person from a thing, the author of a decision from the medium through which the decision passes? This article treats that question as the philosophical core of artificial intelligence law rather than as a preliminary to it. Our answer is that the three distinctions cannot be saved as descriptions of what entities are, and that they need not be: they survive as allocations of answerability, made by the legal order and defensible only as such. Three arguments carry the claim. The first is ontological: following Gunkel's trilogy, we hold that the machine is an anomaly the person and thing partition cannot absorb, and that reification and personification are two forms of a single refusal to think it. The second is jurisprudential: the regulatory philosophies of the European Union, the United States and China are best read not as bundles of rules but as three theories of action under doubt, corresponding with unexpected precision to precaution (ihtiyat), presumptive permissibility (asalat al ibaha) and the expediency grounded governmental ruling (hukm hukumati) in Imami legal theory. The third is constructive: Iran inhabits not a legislative vacuum but a mantaqat al-faragh in alSadr's sense, a bounded zone of discretion whose emptiness is itself normatively structured and which is already being filled by licensing and infrastructure policy rather than by legislation. From these we derive a principle we call the assignable answer, and five design consequences of a law that stops asking what a machine is and undertakes instead to say who must answer for it. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Philosophy of Law؛ Person and Thing؛ Agency and Instrumentality؛ Answerability؛ Mantaqat Al Faragh؛ Legal Ontology؛ Artificial Intelligence Regulation؛ Iranian Law | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Al Sadr, M. B. (1982). Iqtisaduna [Our Economics]. Beirut: Dar al Ta’aruf lil-Matbu’at. (Original work published 1961) Anscombe, G. E. M. (1957). Intention. Basil Blackwell. Aristotle. (1998). Politics (C. D. C. Reeve, Trans.). Hackett Bietti, E. (2020). From ethics washing to ethics bashing: a view on tech ethics from within moral philosophy. In Proceedings of the 2020 conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (pp. 210–219). https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3372860 Bryson, J. J., Diamantis, M. E., & Grant, T. D. (2017). Of, for, and by the people: The legal lacuna of synthetic persons. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 25(3), 273–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-017-9214-9 Calo, R. (2017). Artificial intelligence policy: A primer and roadmap. UC Davis Law Review, 51, 399–435. Chesterman, S. (2021). We, the Robots? Regulating Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of the Law. Cambridge University Press Coeckelbergh, M. (2020). AI Ethics. MIT Press. Coeckelbergh, M. (2022). The Political Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence. Polity Press. Communications Regulatory Authority of Iran. (2026). Principles Governing the Issuance of Artificial Intelligence Service Provider (AISP) Licences, approved Session 364 of 21 October 2025, promulgated 28 April 2026. Council of Europe. (2024). Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law, CETS No. 225. Cyberspace Administration of China. (2023). Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services. Cyberspace Administration of China. (2025). Measures for Labelling of Artificial Intelligence-Generated Synthetic Content. Danaher, J. (2016). The threat of algocracy: Reality, resistance and accommodation. Philosophy & Technology, 29(3), 245–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-015-0211-1 Dignum, V. (2019). Responsible Artificial Intelligence: How to Develop and Use AI in a Responsible Way. Springer. Esposito, R. (2015). Persons and Things: From the Body's Point of View (Z. Hanafi, Trans.). Polity Press. European Commission. (2025). Proposal for a Regulation amending Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Digital Omnibus on Artificial Intelligence), COM (2025) final, 19 November 2025; political agreement 7 May 2026; European Parliament endorsement 16 June 2026; Council adoption 29 June 2026. European Parliament and Council. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act), OJ L, 12 July 2024. Executive Order No. 14110, Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence, 88 Fed. Reg. 75191 (30 October 2023) (revoked 20 January 2025). Executive Order No. 14179, Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence, 90 Fed. Reg. Executive Order, Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence (11 December 2025). Farajpour, R. (2024). The role of civil liability in artificial intelligence laws from the perspective of major global legal systems. Journal Law Political Stud. 5(2), 182–196.] https://doi.org/10.48309/jlps.2025.518711.1353 Farajpour, R. (2025). Comparative analysis of the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act and the legal framework of Iran. Journal of Technology Law. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.aitech.3.3.4 Floridi, L. (2023). The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Principles, Challenges, and Opportunities. Oxford University Press. Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2022). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Machine learning and the city: Applications in architecture and urban design, 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119815075 Foucault, M. (1998). What is an author? In J. D. Faubion (Ed.), Essential Works of Foucault 1954-1984, Vol. 2: Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology (pp. 205–222). The New Press. Fuller, L. L. (1969). The Morality of Law (rev. Ed.). Yale University Press. Gunkel, D. J. (2012). The Machine Question: Critical Perspectives on AI, Robots, and Ethics. MIT Press. Gunkel, D. J. (2018). Robot Rights. MIT Press. Gunkel, D. J. (2020). Mind the gap: Responsible robotics and the problem of responsibility. Ethics and Information Technology, 22(4), 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-017-9428-1 Gunkel, D. J. (2023). Person, Thing, Robot: A Moral and Legal Ontology for the 21st Century and Beyond. MIT Press. Hacker, P. (2023). The European AI liability directives: Critique of a half-hearted approach and lessons for the future. Computer Law & Security Review, 51, 105871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105871 Hart, H. L. A. (2012). The Concept of Law (3rd Ed.). Clarendon Press. (Original work published 1961) Heidegger, M. (1977). The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays (W. Lovitt, Trans.). Harper & Row. Hildebrandt, M. (2015). Smart Technologies and the End(s) of Law. Edward Elgar. Hildebrandt, M. (2018). Algorithmic regulation and the rule of law. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 376(2128), 20170355. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0355 Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada. (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Data Act, Part 3 of Bill C-27 (died on the order paper, 6 January 2025). Islamic Consultative Assembly. (2025-2026). National Artificial Intelligence Development Bill, as amended on 9 February 2026 following the observations of the Guardian Council. Islamic Republic of Iran. Civil Code, Articles 328, 331, 332; Islamic Penal Code 1392, Articles 492, 526; Civil Liability Act 1339; Electronic Commerce Act 1382. Islamic Republic of Iran. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Articles 2, 20, 22, 25, 40, 112, 166. Islamic Republic of Iran, Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution. (1403/2024). National Artificial Intelligence Document; Single-Article Resolution on the Establishment of the National Artificial Intelligence Steering Council and the National Artificial Intelligence Organization, Session 901, 18 June 2024. Kaminski, M. E. (2023). Regulating the risks of AI. Boston University Law Review, 103, 1347–1424. Kant, I. (2012). Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (M. Gregor & J. Timmermann, Trans.). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1785) Katouzian, N. (2015). Non-Contractual Obligations: Civil Liability. University of Tehran Press. [In Persian] Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford University Press. Levinas, E. (1969). Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority (A. Lingis, Trans.). Duquesne University Press. Luhmann, N. (2004). Law as a Social System (K. Ziegert, Trans.). Oxford University Press. Matthias, A. (2004). The responsibility gap: Ascribing responsibility for the actions of learning automata. Ethics and Information Technology, 6(3), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-004-3422-1 Mittelstadt, B. (2019). Principles alone cannot guarantee ethical AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(11), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0114-4 Mohaghegh Damad, S. M. (2016). Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence: Civil Section. Islamic Sciences Publication Centre. [In Persian] Mulla Sadra (Sadr al-Din Shirazi). (1981). Al-Hikma al-muta’aliya fi l-asfar al-aqliyya al-arba’a. Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi. [In Arabic] Naffine, N. (2009). Law's Meaning of Life: Philosophy, Religion, Darwin and the Legal Person. Hart Publishing. National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0). U.S. Department of Commerce. OECD. (2019, updated 2024). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence, OECD/LEGAL/0449. Pagallo, U. (2013). The Laws of Robots: Crimes, Contracts, and Torts. Springer. Pasquale, F. (2015). The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Harvard University Press. Rouvroy, A., & Berns, T. (2013). Gouvernementalité algorithmique et perspectives d’émancipation. Réseaux, 177(1), 163–196. https://doi.org/10.3917/res.177.0163 Santoni de Sio, F., & Mecacci, G. (2021). Four responsibility gaps with artificial intelligence: Why they matter and how to address them. Philosophy & Technology, 34(4), 1057–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-021-00450-x Scassa, T. (2023). Regulating AI in Canada: A critical look at the proposed Artificial Intelligence and Data Act. Canadian Bar Review, 101(1), 1–34. URL: https://canlii.org/w/canlii/2023CanLIIDocs1143.pdf Smuha, N. A. (2021). Beyond a human rights-based approach to AI governance: Promise, pitfalls, plea. Philosophy & Technology, 34(S1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00403-w Solum, L. B. (1992). Legal personhood for artificial intelligences. North Carolina Law Review, 70(4), 1231–1287. URL: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr/vol70/iss4/4 Teubner, G. (2018). Digital personhood? The status of autonomous software agents in private law. Ancilla Iuris, 2018, 106–149. URL: https://jura.uni-frankfurt.de/71719886/Digital-PersonhoodENGancilla2018.pdf UNESCO. (2021). Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Paris: UNESCO. Veale, M., & Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. (2021). Demystifying the draft EU Artificial Intelligence Act. Computer Law Review International, 22(4), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.03721 Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., & Floridi, L. (2017). Transparent, explainable, and accountable AI for robotics. Science Robotics, 2(6), eaan6080. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aan6080 Yeung, K. (2018). Algorithmic regulation: A critical interrogation. Regulation & Governance, 12(4), 505–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12158 Zalnieriute, M., Bennett Moses, L., & Williams, G. (2019). The rule of law and automation of government decision-making. Modern Law Review, 82(3), 425–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12412 Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. Public Affairs. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 253 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 42 |
||