کاربرد فناوری کرم‌پالایی در تصفیه زیستی فاضلاب خام شهری و بهبود ویژگی‌های کیفی پساب خروجی

Aira, M., Monroy, F., & Domínguez, J. (2007). Earthworms strongly modify microbial biomass and activity triggering enzymatic activities during vermicomposting independently of the application rates of pig slurry. Science of the Total Environment, 385(1–3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.06.031

Alikhani, H.A., Dadi, A.A., Rashtbari, M. and Rajabpour, B. (2018). Applied methods of soil biology laboratory. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).

APHA, AWWA, WEF. (2016). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Method 5210 D: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Washington, DC, USA.

Arab, A.N., Godini, H., Zarrabi, M., & Darvishmotevalli, M. (2025). A study on the performance of the wastewater treatment plant in Charmshahr industrial estate and the potential of reuse for effluent and disposal sludge. Ijhe, 17(4), 757-774. (In Persian).

Arora, S., & Kazmi, A.A. (2015). The effect of seasonal temperature on pathogen removal efficacy of vermifilter for wastewater treatment. Water Research, 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.001

Arora, S., & Saraswat, S. (2021). Vermifiltration as a natural, sustainable and green technology for environmental remediation: A new paradigm for wastewater treatment process. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 4, 100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100061

Arora, S., Rajpal, A., Bhargava, R., Pruthi, V., Bhatia, A., & Kazmi, A. A. (2014a). Antibacterial and enzymatic activity of microbial community during wastewater treatment by pilot scale vermifiltration system. Bioresource Technology, 166, 132-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.041

Aziz, A., Basheer, F., Sengar, A., Khan, S. U., & Farooqi, I. H. (2019). Biological wastewater treatment (anaerobic-aerobic) technologies for safe discharge of treated slaughterhouse and meat processing wastewater. Science of the total environment, 686, 681-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.295

Azuar, S. A., & Ibrahim, M. H. (2012). Comparison of sand and oil palm fibre vermibeds in filtration of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Pp. 1414-1419. In: UMT 11^th international annual symposium on sustainability science and management, 09th-11th July, Malaysia.

Bahrami, M., Amiri, M.J. and Badkubi, M. (2020). Application of horizontal series filtration in greywater treatment: a semi-industrial study. Australasian Journal of Water Resources. 24(2), 236-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2020.1824610

Banerjee, S., Madhogaria, B., Saha, O., kundu, A., & Dhak, P. (2024). Vermifiltration: An opportunity to improve wastewater treatment- sustainable and natural approach. Discover Water, 4(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-024-00101-0

Bajsa, O., Nair, J., Mathew, K., & Ho, G. E. (2004). Vermiculture as a tool for domestic wastewater management. Water Science and Technology, 48, 11–12. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0821

Cai, F., Lei, L., & Li, Y. (2019). Different bioreactors for treating secondary effluent from recycled paper mill. Science of the Total Environment, 667, 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.377

Chandran, P., Suresh, S., Balasubramain, B., Gangwar, J., Raj, A. S., Aarathy, U. L., Meyyazhagan, A., Pappuswamy, M. & Sebastian, J. K. (2023). Biological treatment solutions using bioreactors for environmental contaminants from industrial waste water. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences, 11, 185–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-023-00071-4

Chaudhuri, P., & Dey, S. (2000). Chemical changes during vermicomposting (Perionyx excavatus) of kitchen wastes Neurosecretory system and its role in regeneration and reproduction in epigeic, endogeic and anecic species of earthworms of Tripura View project Earthworms in tea plantations of Tripura. India View project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279544013

Đurđević, D., Trstenjak, M., & Hulenić, I. (2020). Sewage sludge thermal treatment technology selection by utilizing the analytical hierarchy process. Water, 12(5), 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051255

Ghatnekar, S.D., Kavian, M.F., Sharma, S., Ghatnekar, S.S., Ghatnekar, G.S., & Ghatnekar, A.V. (2010). Application of vermi-filter-based effluent treatment plant (pilot scale) for biomanagement of liquid effluents from the gelatine industry. Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plant, 4(Special Issue 1).

Golbabaei Kootenaei, F., Mehrdadi, N., Taghizade Firozjaee, T., Fahimi Bandpey, A. & Valehi Reikande, H. (2022). Investigating the appropriate method of sludge dewatering technology in wastewater treatment plants using analytical hierarchy process (Case study: Wastewater Treatment Plant in the South of Tehran). Journal of Water and Sustainable Development, 9(3), 117-126. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/jwsd.v9i3.2205.1146

Gutiérrez, V., Monsalves, N., Gómez, G., Vidal, G. (2023). Performance of a full-scale vermifilter for sewage treatment in removing organic matter, nutrients, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Sustainability, 15, 6842. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086842

Hossain, M. D., Sarker, P., Rahaman, M. S., Ahmed, F. F., Molla Rahman, S., & Uddin, M.K. (2022). Biological treatment of textile wastewater by total aerobic mixed bacteria and comparison with chemical fenton process. Pollution, 8(4), 1418-1433. https://doi.org/10.22059/poll.2022.340753.1408

Jones, J.B. (2001). Laboratory guide for conducting soil tests and plant analysis. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. 363 Pages. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420025293

Kumar, T., Rajpal, A., Bhargava, R., & Prasad, K. S. H. (2014). Performance evaluation of vermifilter at different hydraulic loading rate using river bed material. Ecological Engineering, 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.10.028

Liu, J., Lu, Z., Yang, J., Xing, M., Yu, F., & Guo, M. (2012). Effect of earthworms on the performance and microbial communities of excess sludge treatment process in vermifilter. Bioresource Technology, 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.096

Malek, T. E. U. A., Ismali, S. A., & Ibrahim, M. H. (2012). Vermifiltration of palm oil effluent (POME). In: UMT 11th international annual symposium on sustainability science and management, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Manyuchi, M. M., Mupoperi, N., Mbohwa, C., & Muzenda, E. (2019). Treatment of wastewater using vermifiltration technology. Pp. 215-230. In: Water conservation, recycling and reuse: Issues and challenges. Springer Singapore, Singapore.

Mburu, N., Tebitendwa, S.M., van Bruggen, J.J.A., Rousseau, D.P.L., & Lens, P.N.L. (2013). Performance comparison and economics analysis of waste stabilization ponds and horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater: A case study of the Juja sewage treatment works. Journal of Environmental Management, 128, 220-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.031

Mejía-Marchena R, Maturana-Córdoba A, Gómez-Cerón D, Quintero-Monroy C, Arismendy-Montes L, & Cárdenas-Pérez C. (2023). Industrial wastewater treatment technologies for reuse, recycle, and recovery: Advantages, disadvantages, and gaps. Environmental Technology Reviews, 12(1), 205-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2023.2198147

Natarajan, N., Kannadasan, N., & Krishnamoorthy, R. (2015). Effect of earthworms on dairy wastewater treatment through vermifiltration. International Journal of Nano Corrosion Science and Engineering, 2(5).  http://www.ijncse.com

Pasha, M.F.K., Yeasmin, D., Zoldoske, D., Kc, B., & Hernandez, J. (2018). Performance of an earthworm-based biological wastewater-treatment plant for a dairy farm: case study. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 144(1), 04017086. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001290

Rice, E., Baird, R., Eaton, A., & Clesceri, L. (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. ‎ American Water Works Association, USA.

Saapi, S.S., Andrianisa, H.A., Zorom, M., Mounirou, L.A., Kouassi, H.A.A., & Ahossouhe, M.S. (2024). New developments on vermifiltration as a bio-ecological wastewater treatment technology: Mechanism, application, performance, modelling, optimization, and sustainability. Heliyon, 10(4), e25795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25795

Singh, R., Bhunia, P., & Dash, R.R. (2017). A mechanistic review on vermifiltration of wastewater: Design, operation and performance. Journal of Environmental Managemen, 197, 656-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.042

Singh, J., Kaur, A., 2014. Vermicompost as a strong buffer and nutrient adsorbent for reducing transition metals, BOD, COD from industrial effluent. Ecological Engineering, 74, 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.10.028

Singh, R., Bhunia, P., & Dash, R.R. (2018a). COD removal index- A mechanistic tool for predicting organics removal performance of vermifilters. Science of the Total Environment, 643, 1652-1659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.272

Singh, Rajneesh & Bhunia, Puspendu & Dash, Rajesh. (2018b). Understanding intricacies of clogging and its alleviation by introducing earthworms in soil biofilters. Science of the Total Environment, 633, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.156

Saraswat, S., Devanshi, S., Rajvanshi, J., & Arora, S. (2022). Vermifiltration technology as a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment: Performance evaluation, applicability, and opportunities. Pp. 575-595. In: Innovations in environmental biotechnology. Springer Nature, Singapore.

Shariati, S., Alikhani, H. A., & Pourbabaei, A. (2013). Application of vermicompost as a carrier of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens) in increase growth parameters of maize. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(8), 2010-2017.

Sinha, R. K., Bharambe, G., & Bapat, P. (2007). Removal of high BOD and COD loadings of primary liquid waste products from dairy industry by vermi-filtration technology using earthworms. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 27(6). 486-501.

Sinha, R. K., Bharambe, G., & Chaudhari, U. (2008). Sewage treatment by vermifiltration with synchronous treatment of sludge by earthworms: A low-cost sustainable technology over conventional systems with potential for decentralization. Environmentalist, 28(4), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-008-9162-8

Sinha, R. K., Chauhan, K., Valani, D., Chandran, V., Soni, B. K., & Patel, V. (2010). Earthworms: Charles Darwin’s ‘unheralded soldiers of mankind’: Protective & productive for man & environment. Journal of Environmental Protection, 1(3), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2010.13030

Sparks, D.L., Fendorf, S.E., Toner, C.V., & Carski, T.H. (2018). Kinetic methods and measurements. In Methods of soil analysis, Part 3: Chemical methods. SSSA Book Series, Madison, WI, USA. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c43

Taghavi, L., & Golrizkhatami, F. (2022). Investigation of floating treatment wetland technology and its role in textile industry wastewater treatment. Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering, 7(2), 33-23. (In Persian with Ebglish abstract) https://doi.org/10.22112/jwwse.2021.297363.1282

Tomar, P., & Suthar, S. (2011). Urban wastewater treatment using vermi-biofiltration system. Desalination, 282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.09.007

Vaghamshi, N., Reddy, M. N., Shah, K., Duggirala, S. M., & Dudhagara, P. (2025). Aerobic and anaerobic integrated treatment using microbial biofilm to improve the quality of the paper mills effluent: A reactor-based study. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 18, 100704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100704

Xing, M., Li, X., & Yang, J. (2010). Treatment performance of small-scale vermifilter for domestic wastewater and its relationship to earthworm growth, reproduction and enzymatic activity. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(1), 7513-7520.  https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb10.811

Wang, L., Luo, X., Zhang, Y., Chao, J., Gao, Y., Zhang, J., & Zheng, Z. (2013). Community analysis of ammonia-oxidizing Betaproteobacteria at different seasons in microbial-earthworm ecofilters. Ecological Engineering, 51, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.062

Wang, D.B., Zhang, Z.Y., Li, X.M., Zheng, W., Yang, Q., Ding, Y., Zeng, T.J., Cao, J.B., Yue, X., Shen, T., Zeng, G., & Deng, J.H. (2010). A full-scale treatment of freeway toll-gate domestic sewage using ecology filter integrated constructed rapid infiltration. Ecological Engineering, 36(6), 827-831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.03.005

Wang, L., Guo, Z., Che, Y., Yang, F., Chao, J., Gao, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2014). The effect of vermifiltration height and wet: Dry time ratio on nutrient removal performance and biological features, and their influence on nutrient removal efficiencies. Ecological Engineering, 71, 165-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.07.018

Wang, S., Yang, J., Lou, S.J., & Yang, J. (2010). Wastewater treatment performance of a vermifilter enhancement by a converter slag-coal cinder filter. Ecological Engineering, 36(4), 489-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.11.018

Xing, M., Li, X., & Yang, J. (2010). Treatment performance of small-scale vermifilter for domestic wastewater and its relationship to earthworm growth, reproduction and enzymatic activity. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(44). https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb10.811

Yadav, M., & Vivekanand, V. (2021). Combined fungal and bacterial pretreatment of wheat and pearl millet straw for biogas production–A study from batch to continuous stirred tank reactors. Bioresource Technology, 321, 124523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124523

Yang, J., Zhao, C., Xing, M., & Lin, Y. (2013). Enhancement stabilization of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cr and Cu) during vermifiltration of liquid-state sludge. Bioresource Technology, 146, 649-655 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.144

Zhao, L., Wang, Y., Yang, J., Xing, M., Li, X., Yi, D., & Deng, D. (2010). Earthworm-microorganism interactions: A strategy to stabilize domestic wastewater sludge. Water Research, 44(8), 2572-2582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.01.011.