آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 45 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 1,554 |
| تعداد مقالات | 18,950 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 63,841,815 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 23,338,606 |
Exploring the needle’s morphological, phytochemical, and genetic diversity of Taxus baccata L. in northern Iran | ||
| Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding | ||
| دوره 14، شماره 2، 2024، صفحه 193-221 اصل مقاله (1.21 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Paper | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jppb.2024.20094 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Esmail Hedati؛ Azim Ghasemnezhad* ؛ Mostafa Khoshhal Sarmast؛ Amir Ghorbanzadeh | ||
| Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Objective: Golestan province, located in northern Iran, is recognized as one of the most important gene pools of the Yew tree (Taxus baccata L.) worldwide. Despite its significance, there is limited information on the diversity of yew populations in this region. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of these populations by examining morphological, phytochemical, and genetic traits. Methods: To carry out the experiment, a completely randomized design with three replications was employed during the summer of 2020 in the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources< Gorgan, Iran. Young shoots were collected from 30 individuals across 10 populations. Morphological traits of needles were measured using digital scales and calipers, while phytochemical properties, including phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, antioxidant activities, and taxol concentration, were analyzed using standard biochemical and HPLC methods. Genetic variation was evaluated through PCR using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Data from morphological and phytochemical analyses were statistically processed with SPSS, whereas genetic data were evaluated using NTSYS and GenAlex software. Results: Morphological analyses revealed considerable variability in traits among different yew populations, allowing for their classification into distinct groups. However, no significant variation was observed in taxol content among the sampled trees, although taxol presence indicates a promising potential for production. Differences in leaf antioxidant activity were observed among populations, suggesting varying levels of phytochemical activity. Using five ISSR primers highlighted genetic diversity among the populations. However, the majority of the genetic diversity (84%) was attributed to variations within populations, while only 16% was due to differences among populations. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic diversity present within yew populations in the Golestan province and underscore the importance of conserving this diversity. Maintaining genetic variation is essential for the long-term adaptability, resilience, and survival of these populations. This study provides critical insights for developing sustainable management practices and highlights the potential medicinal and economic value inherent in the yew populations of this region. Conclusion: Our investigation revealed no significant variation in taxol content among yew populations in the Golestan region, Iran. However, morphological, phytochemical, and genetic analyses showed significant differences among populations, highlighting the potential for taxol production and the importance of conserving genetic diversity for sustainable management. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Antioxidant؛ Genetic diversity؛ ISSR؛ Morphology؛ Taxol؛ Yew | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abbasi Karin S, Karimzadeh G, Mohammadi Bazargani M. 2023. Interspecific morphological and phytochemical variations in the willow herb (Epilobium spp.) medicinal plant. J Plant Physiol Breed. 13(2): 15-27. https://doi.org/10.22034/JPPB.2023.17355
Adhikari P, Joshi K, Singh M, Pandey A. 2020. Influence of altitude on secondary metabolites, antioxidants, and antimicrobial activities of Himalayan yew (Taxus wallichiana). Plant Biosyst. 156(1): 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2020.1845845
Afkar S, Karimzadeh G, Jafari AA. 2009. A study of morphological variation in some genotypes of Festuca arundinacea using multivariate analysis. Iran J Field Crop Sci. 40(3): 151-160. (In Persian with English abstract).
Afraz S, Hosseini Hashemi SK. 2018. Extraction and identification of chemical compounds in acetone extract of Taxus baccata L. bark. Iran J Wood Paper Sci Res. 33(1): 88-99 (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2017.115389.1436
Aguinagalde I, Hampe A, Mohanty A, Martín JP, Duminil J, Petit RJ. 2005. Effects of life‐history traits and species distribution on genetic structure at maternally inherited markers in European trees and shrubs. J Biogeogr. 32(2): 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01178.x
Ahadi H, Mirjalili MH, Farzaneh M, and Rezadoost H. 2018. Quantification of taxol and 10-deacetyl baccatin III in the leaf and cell suspension cultures of two Taxus L. Plant Prod. 41(3): 95-104 (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.20838.1440
Ahmadi M, Valizadeh M, Toorchi M, Moghaddam M, Mohammadzadeh Jalaly H. 2012. Analysis of genetic diversity in improved varieties and Iranian landraces of alfalfa using EST, POX, GOT and MDH allozyme markers. J Plant Physiol Breed. 2(2): 45-53.
Aravanopoulos FA. 2016. Conservation and monitoring of tree genetic resources in temperate forests. Curr Forestry Rep. 2: 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-016-0038-8
Assareh MH, Nikvash N, Ghorbanli M, Ghamarizare A. 2007. Investigation on anatomical structure of yew cuttings rooting and reasons of their hard and late rooting. Pajouhesh & Sazandgi. 19(4): 114-123 (In Persian with English abstract).
Baba SA, Malik AH, Wani ZA, Mohiuddin T, Shah Z, Abbas N, Ashraf N. 2015. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of different tissue types of Crocus sativus and oxidative stress alleviating potential of saffron extract in plants, bacteria, and yeast. S Afr J Bot. 99: 80-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.03.194
Benzie IFF, Strain JJ. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem. 239(1): 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
Chen M, Wang F, Lei H, Yang Z, Li C. 2024. In silico insights into micro-mechanism understanding of extracts of Taxus chinensis fruits against alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 97(2): 727-740. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-231066.
Chevallier A. 1996. The encyclopedia of medicinal plants: an excellent guide to over 500 of the more well-known medicinal herbs from around the world. London: Dorling Kindersley, 336 p.
Chybicki IJ, Oleksa A. 2018. Seed and pollen gene dispersal in Taxus baccata, a dioecious conifer in the face of strong population fragmentation. Ann Bot. 122(3): 409-421. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy081
Chybicki IJ, Oleksa A, Burczyk J. 2011. Increased inbreeding and strong kinship structure in Taxus baccata estimated from both AFLP and SSR data. Heredity 107(6): 589-600. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2011.51
Dempsey D, O’Flaherty C, Hook I. 1999. Taxus species- morphological and chemical variations in needles and seeds. Acta Hortic. 615: 223-231. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.615.21
Dempsey D, Hook I. 2000. Yew (Taxus) species- chemical and morphological variations. Pharm Biol. 38(4): 274-280. https://doi.org/10.1076/1388-0209(200009)3841-AFT274
Devaney JL, Whelan PM, Jansen MAK. 2015. Light responses of yew (Taxus baccata L.); does size matter?. Trees 29: 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014-1095-x
Dubravina GA, Zaytseva SM, Zagoskina NV. 2005. Changes in formation and localization of phenolic compounds in the tissues of European and Canadian yew during dedifferentiation in vitro. Russ J Plant Physiol. 52: 672–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11183-005-0100-z
Enayati N, Ghafarzadegan R, Hajiaghaee R and Vazirian M. 2017. Comparison of different extraction methods in the extraction of Senna alexandrina. J Med Plants. 16(64): 160-169.
Fady B, Aravanopoulos FA, Alizoti P, Mátyás C, von Wühlisch G, Westergren M, Belletti P, Zlatanov T, Ducci F, Huber G. 201. Evolution-based approach needed for the conservation and silviculture of peripheral forest tree populations. For Ecol Manage. 375: 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.015
Farris E, Filigheddu R. 2008. Effects of browsing in relation to vegetation cover on common yew (Taxus baccata L.) recruitment in Mediterranean environments. Plant Ecol. 199: 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-008-9434-x
Fayyaz A, Abbasi A, Naghavi MR, Khairi H. 2021. Evaluation of phytochemical variation in the essential oils of yarrow (Achillea spp.) originated from different regions of Iran. Iran J Field Crop Sci. 52(3): 41-53 (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/ijfcs.2019.277841.654593
Gan J, Feng Y, He Z, Li X, Zhang H. 2017. Correlations between antioxidant activity and alkaloids and phenols of maca (Lepidium meyenii). J Food Qual. 2017: 185945. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3185945
Gargiulo R, Saubin M, Rizzuto G, West B, Fay MF, Kallow S, Trivedi C. 2019. Genetic diversity in British populations of Taxus baccata L.: is the seedbank collection representative of the genetic variation in the wild. Biol Conserv. 233: 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.014
Ghaedi M, Yousefi Nejad M, Delshad L. 2015. Synergistic effects of Taxus baccata extract mixtures with silver nanoparticles against bacteria and fungi. Int J Bio-Inorg Hybr Nanomater. 4(1): 25-30.
Ghasemnezhad A, Sanei M, Ghorbani K, Masoumi M, Sadeghi Mahonak A. 2021. Evaluation of environmental parameters effect on the antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants. J Plant Prod Res. 27(4): 241-262 (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22069/jopp.2020.17646.2631
Ghorbanli M, Delavar K. 2001. Effects the type and concentration of sugars on taxol content in callus culture of Taxus baccata L. Iran J Agric Sci. 32(3): 575-583 (In Persian with English abstract).
Ghorbanzadeh A, Ghasemnezhad A, Khoshhal Sarmast M, Nezhad Ebrahimi S. 2020. Phytochemical evaluation and comparison of essential oil and antioxidant activity of Juniperus sabina L. branches in different habitats of Mazandaran and Golestan. Ecophytochem Med Plants. 7: 15-32 (In Persian with English abstract).
Ghorbanzadeh A, Ghasemnezhad A, Khoshhal Sarmast M, Nezhad Ebrahimi S. 2021. An analysis of variations in morphological characteristics, essential oil content, and genetic sequencing among and within major Iranian Juniper (Juniperus spp.) populations. Phytochemistry. 186: 112737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112737
Guleria S, Tiku A K, Singh G, Koul A, Gupta S, Rana S. 2013. In vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic contents in methanol extracts from medicinal plants. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol. 22: 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-012-0105-6
Han J, Zhang W, Cao H, Chen S, Wang Y. 2007. Genetic diversity and biogeography of the traditional Chinese medicine, Gardenia jasminoides, based on AFLP markers. Biochem Syst Ecol. 35(3): 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2006.05.021
Hassani M, Babaii A, Muslemkhani K. 2016. Study of Chelidonium majus genetic diversity by ISSR markers in Iran. NCMBJ. 6(22): 91-96 (In Persian with English abstract).
Hematzadeh A, Esmailzadeh O, Jalali SG, Mirjalili MH, Walas Ł, Yousefzadeh H. 2023. Genetic diversity and structure of English yew (Taxus baccata L.) as a tertiary relict and endangered tree in the Hyrcanian forests. Biodivers Conserv. 32: 1733-1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02573-3
Huang J, Ge X, Sun M. 2000. Modified CTAB protocol using a silica matrix for isolation of plant genomic DNA. Biotechniques. 28(3): 432-434. https://doi.org/10.2144/00283bm08
Jaffarpour P, Farokhzad A, Alirezalou A, Najad Habib Vash F. 2018. Phytochemical diversity and antioxidant activity in different Salvia species in West Azerbaijan province. Ecophytochemistry of Medicinal Plants 6(2): 1-12 (In Persian with English abstract).
Jondoaghleboob A, Ghasemnezhad A, Rahnama K, Khoshhal Sarmast M. 2019. In vitro study of two species of yew tree in terms of endophytic diversity and paclitaxel variation. J Plant Biol Sci. 11(4): 53-66 (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22108/IJPB.2020.116513.1150
Karafakıoglu Y. 2019. Biological activity determination in leaf, branch and fruit of methanol extract of Taxus baccata (L) species collected from Usak province. Turk J Agric- Food Sci Technol. 7(10): 1533-1537. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i10.1533-1537.2492
Khalasi Ahvazi L, Heshmati GA, Zophen P, Akbarloo M. 2016. The impact of environmental factors on antioxidant activity of Gundelia tournefortii in various stages of maturity. J Rangeland. 10(2): 237-246 (In Persian with English abstract).
Khavari Nejad RA, Dilamghani KAD, Fahimi H, Hekmat Shoar H. 2008. Comparison of the tropane alkaloid content of Hyoscyamus arachnoideus Pojark and Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. species during different growth stages. J Sci (Islamic Azad University). 17(66/1): 51-61 (In Persian with English abstract).
Koshhal Sarmast M, Mosavizadeh SJ, Sharifani M. 2018. Evaluation of Juniperus spp. genetic diversity in northern Iran using ISSR markers. Ecol Iran For. 6(11): 14-20 (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/doi:10.29252/ifej.6.11.14
Kim DO, Lee KW, Lee HJ and Lee CY. 2002. Vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of phenolic phytochemicals. J Agric Food Chem. 50(13): 3713-3717. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020071c
Komárková M, Novotný P, Cvrčková H, Máchová P. 2022. The genetic differences and structure of selected important populations of the endangered Taxus baccata in the Czech Republic. Forests. 13(2): 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13020137
Kopjar M, Tadić M, Piližota V. 2015. Phenol content and antioxidant activity of green, yellow and black tea leaves. Chem Biol Technol Agric. 2: 1(2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-014-0028-7
Kucbel S, Saniga M, Jaloviar P, Vencurik J. 2012. Stand structure and temporal variability in old-growth beech-dominated forests of the northwestern Carpathians: A 40-year perspective. For Ecol Manage. 264: 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.011
Lesani MR. 2000. Yew. Forests and Rangelands Research Institute. Golestan Province Natural Resources and Livestock Research Center, Iran (In Persian).
Lotfi K, Orei M, Hazrati S, Faramarzi, Ajali J. 2021. Investigation of morphophysiological diversity of different populations of Stachys lavandulifolia based on multivariate statistical methods. J Crop Breed. 13(39): 195-207 (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.52547/jcb.13.39.195
Mahmutović-Dizdarević I, Žilić D, Dukić B. 2019. New insights into the antifungal activity of Taxus baccata L. Genet App. 3(1): 65-70. https://doi.org/10.31383/ga.vol3iss1pp65-70
Maroso F, Vera M, Ferreiro J, Mayol M, Riba M, Ramil-Rego P, Martínez P, Bouza C. 2021. Genetic diversity and structure of Taxus baccata from the Cantabrian-Atlantic area in northern Spain: A guide for conservation and management actions. For Ecol Manage. 482: 118844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118844
Meloni M, Perini D, Filigheddu R, Binelli G. 2006. Genetic variation in five Mediterranean populations of Juniperus phoenicea as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Ann Bot. 97(2): 299-304. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcj024
Nematollahi AK, Golein B, Vahdati K. 2013. Analysis of the genetic diversity in citrus (Citrus spp.) species using SSR markers. J Plant Physiol Breed. 3: 39-47.
Olsson S, Pinosio S, González-Martínez SC, Abascal F, Mayol M, Grivet D, Vendramin GG. 2018. De novo assembly of English yew (Taxus baccata) transcriptome and its applications for intra-and inter-specific analyses. Plant Mol Biol. 97(4-5): 337-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-018-0742-9
Rahimi M, Shokrpour M, Salami SA, Taheri R. 2019. Morphological and molecular study of sex determination in Cannabis sativa L. J Plant Physiol Breed. 9(1): 137-146. https://doi.org/10.22034/jppb.2019.10397
Rahmati Z, Payam Nour V, Ghasemi Bazdi K, Ebrahimi P. 2017. Comparing production of taxol in natural tissues of Taxus baccata L. and Taxus berevifolia Nutt. with in vitro condition. J Plant Res. 30(1): 99-109 (In Persian with English abstract).
Roshandel H, Jamei R. 2015. The effect of some soil parameters on the total alkaloid levels of tubers of Bongardia chrysogonum in three regions of Iran. Nova Biologica Reperta. 2(1): 36-47 (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.21859/acadpub.nbr.2.1.36
Royer DL, McElwain JC, Adams JM, Wilf P. 2008. Sensitivity of leaf size and shape to climate within Acer rubrum and Quercus kelloggii. New Phytol. 179(3): 808-817. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02496.x
Ruprecht H, Dhar A, Aigner B, Oitzinger G, Klumpp R, Vacik H. 2010. Structural diversity of English yew (Taxus baccata L.) populations. Eur J Forest Res. 129: 189-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-009-0312-4
Saboora A, Dadmehr K, Ranjbar M. 2013. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and investigation on antioxidant properties of stem and leaf extracts in six Iranian species of wild Dianthus L. IJMAPR. 29(2): 281-295. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2013.2856
Sarmadi M, Karimi N, Palazón J, Ghassempour A, Mirjalili MH. 2019. Improved effects of polyethylene glycol on the growth, antioxidative enzymes activity and taxanes production in a Taxus baccata L. callus culture. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 137: 319-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-019-01573-y
Shabanian N, Havasi A, Mehrabi AA. 2016. Genetic differentiation in Persian oak (Quercus brantii) populations using genomic inter-microsatellite markers. Iran J Rangelands & Forests Plant Breed Genet Res. 24(1): 66-78 (In Persian with English abstract).
Shao F, Wilson IW, Qiu D. 2020. The research progress of taxol in Taxus. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 22(3): 360-366. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201021666200621163333
Shaukatyari S, Heidari R, Jamei R, Hosseini Sarghein S. 2014. The study of effects of some characteristics of the soil habitat on total alkaloids in Leontice leontopetalum and L. armeniaca tubers from four different regions of Iran. Quarterly J Sci (Kharazmi University). 13(1): 737-748 (In Persian with English abstract).
Siegle L, Pietsch J. 2018. Taxus ingredients in the red arils of Taxus baccata L. determined by HPLC‐MS/MS. Phytochem Anal. 29(5): 446-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.2748
Su B, Fu Y, Wang Y, Jin L, Chakraborty R. 2001. Genetic diversity and population history of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations. Mol Biol Evol. 18(6): 1070-1076. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878
Sun L, Zhang J, Lu X, Zhang L, Zhang Y. 2011. Evaluation to the antioxidant activity of total flavonoids extract from persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves. Food Chem Toxicol. 49(10): 2689-2696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.042
Taviano MF, Marino A, Trovato A, Bellinghieri V, Melchini A, Dugo P, Cacciola F, Donato P, Mondello L, Güvenç A, et al. 2013. Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus and Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. macrocarpa (Sibth. & Sm.) Ball.“berries” from Turkey: comparative evaluation of phenolic profile, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. Food Chem Toxicol. 58: 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.049
Tian W, Zhi H, Yang C, Wang L, Long J, Xiao L, Liang J, Huang Y, Zheng X, Zhao S, et al. 2018. Chemical composition of alkaloids of Plumula nelumbinis and their antioxidant activity from different habitats in China. Ind Crops Prod. 125: 537-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.045
Vencurik J, Bosela M, Sedmáková D, Pittner J, Kucbel S, Jaloviar P, Parobeková Z, Saniga M. 2019. Tree species diversity facilitates conservation efforts of European yew. Biodivers Conserv. 28: 791-810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-01692-6
Vessella F, Simeone MC, Fernandes FM, Schirone A, Gomes MP, Schirone B. 2013. Morphological and molecular data from Madeira support the persistence of an ancient lineage of Taxus baccata L. in Macaronesia and call for immediate conservation actions. Caryologia. 66(2): 162-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2013.821842
Wojdyło A, Oszmiański J, Czemerys R. 2007. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chem. 105(3): 940-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.038
Wu H-C, Chen H-M, Shiau C-Y. 2003. Free amino acids and peptides as related to antioxidant properties in protein hydrolysates of mackerel (Scomber austriasicus). Food Res Int. 36(9-10): 949-957. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(03)00104-2
Xie S, Sun B, Yan D, Du B. 2009. Altitudinal variation in Ginkgo leaf characters: Clues to paleoelevation reconstruction. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci. 52: 2040-2046 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0157-1
Yazdani D, Shahnazi S, Rezazadeh Sh, Pirali Hamadani M. 2005. Review on yew tree (Taxus spp.). J Med Plants. 4(15): 1-8 (In Persian with English abstract).
Zallaghi H, Mohammadi SA, Moghaddam M, Sadeghzadeh B. 2020. Transferability of wheat SSR markers for determination of genetic diversity and relationships of barley varieties. J Plant Physiol Breed. 10: 89-98. https://doi.org/10.22034/jppb.2020.13277
Zarea A, Asghari GHR, Ghanadian M, Yousefi HA, Yousofi Darani H. 2014. Effect of Taxus baccata leaves fractions on Trichomonas vaginalis growth in culture medium. Armaghan Danesh. 18(11): 888-899 (In Persian with English abstract).
Zarek M. 2007. Variability of morphological features of needles, shoots and seeds of Taxus baccata L. in nature reservations of Southern Poland. EJPAU. 10(3): 5.
Zarek M. 2009. RAPD analysis of genetic structure in four natural populations of Taxus baccata from southern Poland. Acta Biol Crac Ser Bot. 51(2): 67-75.
Zare-Kohan M, Babaeian-Jelodar N, Aghnoum R, Tabatabaee SA, Kazemitabar SK, Ghasemi Nezhad-Raeini M, Shahriaripour R. 2021. Genetic diversity among barley genotypes and path analysis of several agronomic and physiological characters at normal and salinity stress conditions. J Plant Physiol Breed. 11(2): 121-134. https://doi.org/10.22034/jppb.2021.14579
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 598 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 406 |
||