Philosophical Theories of Good Governance and Efficiency in Public Administration: a study of the views of selected philosophers in islamic and western philosophy on freedom, justice, equality, and fairness

Abbasi, E. and Kheyri, M. (2022). Freedom and self-determination of the individual in Hegel's philosophy. Existence and Knowledge, 9(no. 1), 115-138. https://doi.org/10.22096/ek.2023.1999248.1503. (in Persian)

Abbass, K., Qasim, M. Z., Song, H., Murshed, M., Mahmood, H., & Younis, I. (2022). A Review of the Global Climate Change impacts, adaptation, and Sustainable Mitigation Measures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(1), 42539–42559. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19718-6.

Abtahi, Zeinab Sadat. (2019). A study on the first article of Nasir's ethics and the refinement of ethics in Miskawayh. Ayenah Miras, 17(65), 145-164. (in Persian)

Ahmadvand, Shoja, and Bordbar, Ahmadreza. (2016). The Platonic Philosopher King and the Ideal King in Ancient Iran. Strategic Research on Politics, 5(18 (48th issue), 9-33. (in Persian)

Akbari, H. (2018). Justice from the perspective of Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī. Scientific Quarterly of Social Theories of Muslim Thinkers, 8(2), 165–183. https://doi.org/10.22059/jstmt.2018.71331. (in Persian)

Alodat, A. M., Al-Qora’n, L. F., & Abu Hamoud, M. (2023). Social Media Platforms and Political Participation: A Study of Jordanian Youth Engagement. Social Sciences, 12(7), 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12070402.

Aqarokh Mirabadi, Mohammad Hossein, Golshani, Seyyed Ali Reza, and Lakzai, Sharif. (2022). The role of wisdom in the formation of an efficient political system with emphasis on the Islamic Republic of Iran. Political and International Research, 14(50), 1-19. (in Persian)

Asadbak, M., Manesh, R., & Sharifzadeh, F. (2023). Analyzing the Dimensions of Citizens’ Social Participation in Realizing Good Governance. Governance and Development, 3(2), 63–88. https://doi.org/10.22111/jipaa.2023.406258.1127. ) in Persian (

Atrak, H. (2014). Islamic Ethics and the Doctrine of the Mean. Journal of Philosophical Investigations, 8(14), 131-147. (in Persian)

Ayala, A. (2023). Individual freedom against liberalism: Hegel’s nonliberal individualism. The Southern Journal of Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjp.12538.

Baharnezhad, Z., & Shamsoddini Motlagh, K. (2012). An Analysis of the Relationship between Justice and Happiness from Aristotle’s Perspective. Ayeneh-ye Ma’refat (Mirror of Wisdom), 12(3). (in Persian)

Bashiriyeh, H. (2003). An introduction to the philosophy of justice. Naqd Quarterly, (1).) in Persian (

Berebon, C. (2024). Values, philosophy, and good governance: A path towards a flourishing society. An Interdisciplinary International Journal of Concerned African Philosophers, 12(1), 118–128.

Brainerd, R. (2013). Classical political philosophy and modern democracy (Bachelor’s thesis, Portland State University). PDXScholar. https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.17.

Brisos Matos, S., & Vieira, P. A. (2023). Philosophy of childhood and children’s political participation: Poli(s)phonic challenges. Childhood & Philosophy, 19, 01–23. https://doi.org/10.12957/childphilo.2023.70501.

Bronfenbrenner, M. (1973). Equality and Equity. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 409(1), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271627340900103.

Buchanan, A., & Mathieu, D. (1986). Philosophy and Justice. Justice, 11–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3511-3_2.

Buchholtz, N., Stuart, A., & Frønes, T. S. (2020). Equity, Equality and Diversity—Putting Educational Justice in the Nordic Model to a Test. Equity, Equality and Diversity in the Nordic Model of Education, 13–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61648-9_2.

Chikelo, O. C. P. (2018). Philosophy and good governance: A road map for national development. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 6(2), 716–719.

Claassen, C., & Magalhães, P. C. (2021). Effective Government and Evaluations of Democracy. Comparative Political Studies, 55(5), 001041402110360. https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140211036042.

Corbin, T. A. (2022). On Equity and Inequity in Thomas Hobbes’s Dialogue. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 60(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/sjp.12471

Cristi, R. (2005). Hegel on Freedom and Authority.

Cunliffe, K. (2017). Holding the world accountable: A philosophical analysis of the refugee crisis and the moral obligations of the global community (Master's thesis, University of Colorado Boulder). CU Scholar. https://scholar.colorado.edu/downloads/0g354f66f.

Dacombe, R., & Parvin, P. (2021). Participatory Democracy in an Age of Inequality. Representation, 57(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2021.1933151.

Drzymalla, G. (1954). Freedom and Authority. Diogenes, 2(8), 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/039219215400200805.

Edor, E. J. (2020). John Rawls’s Concept of Justice as Fairness. PINISI Discretion Review, 4(1), 179. https://doi.org/10.26858/pdr.v4i1.16387.

Ehrenberg, K. (2011). Joseph Raz’s Theory of Authority. Philosophy Compass, 6(12), 884–894. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2011.00445.x

Fathi, H. (2009). The Relationship between Justice, Democracy and Peace in Plato’s Republic. The Journal of Human Rights, 04(2), 3-20. (in Persian)

Firouzjai, Y. and Taqizadeh Tabari, M. S. (2012). Relation of Philosophy and Rule of Society from Standpoints of Plato and Farabi. Theosophia Practica, 4(Issue 13), 67-93.) in Persian)

Folkerts, J. (2025). Socioeconomic Inequalities in Hegelian Market Society and Hegel’s Theory of Justice. Journal of the American Philosophical Association, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/apa.2025.6.

Franco, P. (2008). Hegel’s philosophy of freedom. Retrieved January 1, 2008, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290785993_Hegel.

Fransen, S., & Haas, H. (2021). Trends and Patterns of Global Refugee Migration. Population and Development Review, 48(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12456.

Friedrich, C. J. (1972). Freedom versus Authority. 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01046-2_7.

Garza-Vázquez, O. (2021). Why expanding capabilities does not necessarily imply reducing injustice: an assessment of Amartya Sen’s Idea of Justice in the context of Mexico’s Oportunidades/Prospera. Review of Social Economy, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2021.1881150.

Ghasemi, Zahra, Behzadi, Mohammad Hossein, Kaveh Piyeshghadam, Mohammad Kazem. (2012). A comparative study of the concept of justice in the political philosophy of Farabi and Shahid Sadr. Journal of Islamic Wisdom and Philosophy, No. 42. (in Persian)

Giorgini, G. (2019). Aristotle on the Best Form of Government. Enthousiasmos, 121–146. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783896658043-121.

Goldman, B., & Cropanzano, R. (2014). “Justice” and “fairness” are not the same thing. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(2), 313–318. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1956.

Gunuboh, T. M. (2023). Efficiency as a Central Concept in the Science of Administration, Fact and Value-Contexts in the Administrative Processes, and Democracy. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 11(6), 108–119. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2023.116009.

Hajizadeh, Parviz, and Kalbasi Ashtari, Hossein. (2014). The Place of Justice in Plato's Utopia and Al-Farabi's utopia. History of Philosophy, -(17), 0-0. (in Persian)

Hardin, R. (2017). Efficiency. 563–571. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405177245.ch29.

Hedayat Afza, M., & Forouzian, M. (2020). The process of establishing universal law from the perspective of Avicenna and Kant. Hekmat-e-Sinaei (Meshkāt al-Nūr), 24(64), [Fall and Winter Issue]. https://doi.org/10.30497/ap.2021.239531.1495. (in Persian)

Howie, E. (2018). Protecting the human right to freedom of expression in international law. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(1), 12–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2018.1392612.

Ike, C. (2024). The Role of Philosophy in Addressing Climate Change. International Journal of Philosophy, 3(4), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.47941/ijp.2095

Jabbarnejad, M., & Panahinasab, S. (2024). Islamic Political Philosophy and Efficient Government: With Emphasis on the Opinions of Sadrul Matalhin. Islamic Politics Research, 12(25), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.22034/ipr.2024.469753.2160. (in Persian)

Jafarzadeh, S., & Beheshti, M. B. (2012). Importance of freedom in humanities developing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.062. (in Persian)

Jahaninasab, A. Poladi, K. and Eslami, S. (2021). Theory of State in the Political Philosophy of Avicenna Relying on Spragens' Methodology. Transcendent Policy, 9(34), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.22034/sm.2021.526402.1680. (in Persian)

Jovzi, M., & Mollayousefi, M. (2022). The Just Political Order in Aristotle. Political and International Approaches, 13(2), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.29252/piaj.2022.211762.0 .(in Persian)

Kalantari, Ibrahim. (2014). The effectiveness of the political system based on the theory of the guardianship of the jurist and its tools. Politics - Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, 44(3), 465-481. (in Persian)

Keilman, L. J. (2024). Equality or Equity: What’s the Difference? Caring for the Ages, 25(7), 15–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carage.2024.08.008.

Kholoosi M H. Explaining the Concept and Components of Citizenship in Aristotle and Farabi's Political Philosophy. Journal of Fundamental Research in the Humanities 2017; 3 (1):73-96. (in Persian)

Kiess, J. (2021). Learning by doing: the Impact of Experiencing Democracy in Education on Political Trust and Participation. Politics, 42(1), 026339572199028. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395721990287.

Knudsen, M. S., & Christensen, H. S. (2021). Future Orientation and Political Participation: The Moderating Role of Political Trust. Frontiers in Political Science, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.791467.

Lambropoulos, V. (1997). Justice and Good Governance. Thesis Eleven, 49(1), 1–30.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513697049000003.

Lane, J.-E. (2015). Political Modernisation: The Rule of Law Perspective on Good Governance. Open Journal of Political Science, 05(01), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojps.2015.51002.

Maciej Juzaszek. (2021). Philosophical analysis of two types of legal responsibility. Archiwum Filozofii Prawa I Filozofii Społecznej, 16–25. https://doi.org/10.36280/afpifs.2021.2.16.

Mahmoudi, S. A. (2000). The relation between modern Western democracies and al-Farabi's “Madina Jamaiyya”. Information and Political-Economic Journal, (159–160). (in Persian)

Maier, R. (2018). Self-Responsibility: Transformations. American Behavioral Scientist, 63(1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218816802.

Maleki, Soraya, and Mostafavi, Shams al-Muluk. (2015). A study and critique of the theory of justice in Plato's Republic. Analytical Philosophy (Philosophical Inquiries-Philosophical Research), 11(28), 141-173. (in Persian)

Marshall, E. (2021). Age-Distinctions, The Philosophy of Childhood, and Political Participation. [Open Access Victoria University of Wellington Te Herenga Waka] (Figshare). https://doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.14944614.v1.

McGrath, S. K., & Whitty, S. J. (2018). Accountability and responsibility defined. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 11(3), 687–707. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-06-2017-0058.

Miller, F. (1998, July 1). Aristotle’s Political Theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford.edu.

Modarresi, Seyyed Mohammad Reza. (2012). Persian title: The Place of Ethics in Farabi's Virtuous Medina. Ethical Knowledge, 3(4 (12th issue), 75-84. (in Persian)

Mosavi, S. L. and Akhavan, M. (2022). Happiness and its relationship with the meaning of life from Farabi's point of view. Jostarha-ye Falsafe-ye Din, 11(1), 223-250. (in Persian)

Mulaee, A. and Ram, P. (2025). Analyzing the Thoughts of Aristotle and the Sophists about Good Government. Journal of Philosophical Investigations, 19(50), 347-364. doi: 10.22034/jpiut.2024.59746.3653. )in Persian(

Mulgan, R. (1990). Aristotle and the Value of Political Participation. Political Theory, 18(2), 195–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591790018002001.

Na, G. (2012). Multidimensional Analysis of Political Participation Based on the Framework of Political Philosophy. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology.

Nancy, Nasreddin. (2019). The Theory of Justice as Fairness in the Thoughts of Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tusi. Shiite Studies, 17(2 (66th issue), 7-36. (in Persian)

Nasri, Q. (2003). Justice as fairness. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 6(19), 1–24.  )in Persian(

Osigwe, U. (2008). The individual, the state, and political freedom in Hegel. Hegel-Jahrbuch, 2008(1), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1524/hgjb.2008.10.jg.97.

Parkinson, G. H. R. (1972). Hegel’s Concept of Freedom. Reason and Reality, 174–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-81578-4_12.

Parvin, P., & Saunders, B. (2018). The Ethics of Political Participation: Engagement and Democracy in the 21st Century. Res Publica, 24(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-017-9389-7.

Peter, F. (2017). The Human Right to Political Participation. Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, 7(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v7i2.71.

Pourahmad, Ahmad, Habibi, Leila, and Jafari Mehrabadi, Maryam. (2012). Analysis of Farabi's theories and their application on citizen participation. Bagh-e-Nazar, 9(21), 13-20. (in Persian)

Rahin, A. (1992). The importance of Hegel's separation of state and civil society. Social Sciences, 1(1.2), 255-277. (in Persian)

Razawī, S. A. (2011). Social Classes in the Viewpoint of Khwāja Nasīr al-Dīn tūsī. Essays in Philosophy    and Kalam, 42(2), 92-116. doi: https://doi.org/10.22067/philosophy.v42i2.11259. (in Persian).                                                                                                                                              

Sadik Haxhiu, & Alidemaj, A. H. (2021). Representative democracy – its meaning and basic principles. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Juridica, 17(2), 76–91. https://dj.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/AUDJ/article/view/1253.

Sadurski, W. (1985). The Concept of Justice. In: Giving Desert Its Due. Law and Philosophy Library, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7706-9_2.

Sætra, H. S. (2022). A Hobbesian Argument for World Government. Philosophies, 7(3), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7030066.

Sánchez Muñoz, C. (2009). Political responsibility in the construction of the public realm: Reflections based on Hannah Arendt. HannahArendt.net, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.57773/hanet.v5i1.148.

Sanei, Manouchehr. (2003). Equality in human rights and its historical background. Journal of Humanities, -(40-39 (Special Issue on Philosophy)), 87-106. (in Persian)

Santas, G. (2018). Economic Inequalities and Justice: Plato and Rawls. Philosophical Inquiry, 42(3), 2–27. https://doi.org/10.5840/philinquiry2018423/411.

Schmidt, A. T. (2022). Freedom in Political Philosophy. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.2022.

Sedghi shamir, B. (2021). Religion and State from the perspective of Thomas Aquinas and Khawaja Nasir al-Din Tusi. State Studies, 7(26), 63-90. https://doi.org/10.22054/tssq.2021.57918.1044. (in Persian)

Sharifani, M. (2019). Investigating the Evolution of the Concept of Freedom and Discretion in the Western Thought and that of Islam. Journal of Religious Thought : A Quarterly Journal of Shiraz University, 19(72), 61-84. https://doi.org/10.22099/jrt.2019.5449. (in Persian)

Slusarenco, S., & Pozneacova, V. (2021). The analyze of the forms of government and the practice of good governance from Plato to contemporaneity. InterConf, 186–201. https://doi.org/10.51582/interconf.21-22.06.2021.20.

Tholen B. (2018). Political Responsibility as a Virtue: Nussbaum, MacIntyre, and Ricoeur on the Fragility of Politics. Alternatives (Boulder, Colo.), 43(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0304375418777178.

Thomson, A., & Gooberman-Hill, R. (2024). Equality, diversity and inclusion: key definitions. Policy Press EBooks, 5–32. https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447368014.ch001.

Torrance, A. (2021). Accountability as a virtue. Studies in Christian Ethics, 34(3), 095394682110097. https://doi.org/10.1177/09539468211009755.

Ujomu, P., & Olatunji, F. (2014). Democratic theories and the problem of political participation in Nigeria: Strengthening consensus and the rule of law. Human Affairs, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/s13374-014-0211-3.

Venezia, L. J. (2013). Raz's normative theory of authority: an internal critique. Philosophical Enquiries, 1, 95–110.

Witvliet, C. V. O., Jang, S. J., Johnson, B. R., Evans, C. S., Berry, J. W., Leman, J., Roberts, R. C., Peteet, J., Torrance, A. B., & Hayden, A. N. (2022). Accountability: Construct Definition and Measurement of a Virtue Vital to Flourishing. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 18(5), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2022.2109203.

Yahaya, J. U. (2020). John Locke's political philosophy and its relevance to the sustenance of peace and good governance in Nigeria. Public Policy and Administration Research. https://doi.org/10.7176/ppar/10-5-06.

Yousefirad, M. (2023a). The Efficiency of the State in Avicenna’s Political Philosophy. Avecinnian Philosophy Journal, 27(69), 129–151. https://doi.org/10.30497/ap.2023.244025.1612. (in Persian)

Yousefirad, M. (2023b). Khuwja Nasir al-Din Tusi on the Criteria for Efficiency of Government. Journal of Hikmat-e-Islami, 9(35), 77–96. (in Persian)