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The Objectivity of Science | ||
| مجله پژوهش های فلسفی | ||
| مقاله 1، دوره 17، شماره 45، 1402، صفحه 1-10 اصل مقاله (232.37 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jpiut.2023.17473 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| Howard Sankey | ||
| Professor of Philosophy- Department, of philosophy-University of Melbourne, -Australia | ||
| چکیده | ||
| The idea that science is objective, or able to achieve objectivity, is in large part responsible for the role that science plays within society. But what is objectivity? The idea of objectivity is ambiguous. This paper distinguishes between three basic forms of objectivity. The first form of objectivity is ontological objectivity: the world as it is in itself does not depend upon what we think about it; it is independent of human thought, language, conceptual activity or experience. The second form of objectivity is the objectivity of truth: truth does not depend upon what we believe or justifiably believe; truth depends upon the way reality itself is. The third form of objectivity is epistemic objectivity: this form of objectivity resides in the scientific method which ensures that subjective factors are excluded, and only epistemically relevant factors play a role in scientific inquiry. The paper considers two problems that arise for the notion of epistemic objectivity: the theory-dependence of observation and the variability of the methods of science. It is argued that the use of shared standard procedures ensures the objectivity of observation despite theory-dependence. It is argued that the variability of methods need not lead to an epistemic relativism about science. The paper concludes with the realist suggestion that the best explanation of the success of the sciences is that the methods employed in the sciences are highly reliable truth-conducive tools of inquiry. The objectivity of the methods of the sciences leads to the objective truth about the objective world. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| objectivity؛ reality؛ truth؛ method؛ relativism؛ pluralism؛ realism | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Boyd, R. (1984). The Current Status of Scientific Realism, in J. Leplin (ed.), pp. 41-82, Scientific Realism, University of California Press. Chalmers, A. (1990). Science and its Fabrication, Open University Press. Chalmers, A. (2013). What is this thing called science? (4th ed.), University of Queensland Press. Feyerabend, P. K. (1975). Against Method, New Left Books. Feyerabend, P. K. (1981). Explanation, Reduction and Empiricism, in his Realism, Rationalism and Scientific Method: Philosophical Papers, Vol. 1, pp. 44-96, Cambridge University Press. Giere, R. N. (1988). Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach, University of Chicago Press. Hanson, N. R. (1958). Patterns of Discovery, Cambridge University Press. Hoyningen-Huene, P. (1993). Reconstructing Scientific Revolutions: Thomas S. Kuhn’s Philosophy of Science, University of Chicago Press. Kornblith, H. (1993). Inductive Inference and Its Natural Ground, MIT Press. Kuhn, T. S. (2012). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 4th ed., University of Chicago Press. Laudan, L. (1981). Science and Hypothesis, Reidel. Laudan, L. (1984). Science and Values, University of California Press. Popper, K. R. (1963). Conjectures and Refutations, Routledge. Putnam, H. (1975). What is Mathematical Truth? in his Mathematics, Matter and Method: Philosophical Papers, Vol. 1, pp. 60-78, Cambridge University Press. Putnam, H. (1981). Reason, Truth and History, Cambridge University Press. Putnam, H. (1987). The Many Faces of Realism, Open Court: La Salle. Salmon, W. (1981). Rational Prediction’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 32, pp. 115-125. Sankey, H. (2015). Ciencia, Realidad y Racionalidad, Editorial Universidad Del Cauca. Sankey, H. (2016). Scientific Realism and the Rationality of Science, Routledge Sankey, H. (2019). To Believe Is to Believe True, Principia, 23(1), 131-136. Van Fraassen, B. (1980). The Scientific Image, Oxford University Press. | ||
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