| Aristotle has repeatedly stated in his works that 'being has several senses'. Is this to be regarded as his pluralistic ontology, an approach that seems to be too nascent? If so, how can this newfound approach in ontology be linked to the ideas of the father of this science, i.e. Aristotle? These are the questions that the present article seeks to answer. First, we will show that Aristotle thinks of 'being' in four senses. Then, step by step he proceeds to leave different senses aside, insofar as only one sense remains: being in the sense of the figures of the categories. We argue, then, that it is better to found Aristotle's ontological pluralism upon the fourfold sorts, instead of the tenfold categories. We will provide some reasons for this preference, i.e. in defense of the fourfold sorts and against the tenfold categories. Each of these four modes of being will be discussed. Finally, a version of ontological pluralism will be provided and attributed to Aristotle: Sorting Version. According to this version of pluralism, we will demonstrate how Aristotle speaks of the ontologically fundamental structure of the world. |
- Ackrill J. L (1963). Aristotle’s “Categories” and “De Interpretatione". Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Aquinas, Thomas (1961). Commentary on the Metaphysics of Aristotle. vol. I. Trans. John P. Rowan. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.
- Aquinas, Thomas (1968). On Being and Essence. Trans. Armand Maurer. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. Second edition.
- Aristotle (1984). The Complete Works of Aristotle. Two Volume. The Revised Oxford Trans. and ed. Jonathan Barnes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Ayati, Mohammad Ibrahim (1992). Categories and Related Ideas. Tehran: University of Tehran Press (in Persian).
- Brentano, Frantz (1975). On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle. Rolf George. University of California Press.
- Copleston, Frederick (1962a). A History of Philosophy. Volume 1. New York: Image Books.
- Copleston, Frederick (1962b). A History of Philosophy. Volume 2. New York: Image Books.
- Dadjoo, Ibrahim (2011). Metaphysics in the View of Aristotle and Avicenna. Tehran: Research Institute for Islamic Culture and Thought (in Persian).
- Eklund, Matti (2009). "Carnap and Ontological Pluralism." In Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology, edited by David J. Chalmers, David Manley and Ryan Wasserman, 130-56. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Fine, Kit (2009). "The Question of Ontology." In Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology, edited by David J. Chalmers, David Manley and Ryan Wasserman, 157-77. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ghavam Safari, Mahdi (2008). Theory of Form in Aristotle Philosophy. Tehran: Hekmat Publications (in Persian).
- Graham, D. W (1987). Aristotle’s Two Systems. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Hartmann, Nicolai (2019). Ontology: Laying the Foundations. Trans. Keith R. Peterson. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
- Heidegger, Martin (1949). Introduction to "What Is Metaphysics?" Trans. Walter Kaufmann. In: Heidegger, Martin. 1998. Pathmarks. Ed. William McNeill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 277-90.
- Heidegger, Martin (1972). On Time and Being. Trans. Joan Stambaugh. New York: Harper & Row.
- Heidegger, Martin (1996). Being and Time. Trans. Joan Stambaugh. New York: State University of New York Press.
- Jaeger, Werner (1968). Aristotle, Fundamentals of the History of His Development. Trans. Richard Robinson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Second Edition.
- Matthews, Gareth B (2009). "Aristotelian Categories." In A Companion to Aristotle, edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos, 144-61. Blackwell.
- McDaniel, kris (2009). "Ways of Being." In Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology, edited by David J. Chalmers, David Manley and Ryan Wasserman, 290-319. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Norton, Bryan (1977). Linguistic Frameworks and Ontology: a Re-Examination of Carnap's Metaphilosophy. Mouton Publishers.
- Plato (1997). Complete works. Edited, with introduction and notes, by John M. Cooper. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.
- Plebani, Matteo (2017). "Mathematical Platonism Meets Ontological Pluralism?" Inquiry. DOI: 10.1080/0020174X.2017.1347518.
- Price, Huw (2007). "Quining Naturalism." The Journal of Philosophy. 104(8): 375–402.
- Putnam, Hilary (2004). Ethics without Ontology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Ross, David (1995). Aristotle. New York: Routledge. Sixth edition.
- Sanei Dare Bidi, Manouchehr (2001). "Being and Essence in Aristotle's Philosophy." PazhooheshNameie Oloome Ensani. 32: 1-13 (in Persian).
- Schaffer, Jonathan (2009). "On What Grounds What." In Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology, edited by David J. Chalmers, David Manley and Ryan Wasserman, 347-83. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Shields, Christopher (1999). Order in Multiplicity: Homonymy in the Philosophy of Aristotle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Taylor, A. E (1919). Aristotle. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack.
- Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf (1898). Outlines of Logic. Trans. R. Broughton. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Turner, Jason (2010). "Ontological Pluralism." Journal of Philosophy. 107, 1: 5-34.
- Turner, Jason (2012). "Logic and Ontological Pluralism." Journal of Philosophical Logic. 41: 419–48.
- van Inwagen, Peter (1998). "Meta-Ontology." Erkenntnis. 48: 233–50.
- van Inwagen, Peter (2014). Existence: Essays in Ontology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Wahl, Jean (2001). Traite de Metaphysique. Trans. Iahia Mahdavi. Tehran: Kharazmi. (in Persian)
- Wedin, Michael V (2000). Aristotle's Theory of Substance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wedin, Michael V (2009). "The Science and Axioms of Being." In A Companion to Aristotle, edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos, 125-43. Blackwell.
|
