The effects of methanol and ethanol foliar application under salinity stress on some physiological characteristics of Pelargonium graveolens L.

Abouhosseini Tabari M, Hajizadeh Moghaddam A, Maggi F and Benelli G, 2018. Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of Pelargonium roseum essential oil on Swiss albino mice: possible involvement of serotonergic transmission.  Phytotherapy Research 32(6): 1-9. 

Akca Y and Samsunlu E, 2012. The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, proline and nutrient accumulation, and K/Na ratio in walnut. Pakistan Journal of Botany 44(5): 1513-1520.

Alipour H, 2018. Photosynthesis properties and ion homeostasis of different pistachio cultivar seedlings in response to salinity stress. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 5(1): 19-29.

AOAC, 1990. Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington DC, USA.

Aravind P and Majeti P, 2003. Zinc alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Ceratophyllum demersum L.: a free floating fresh water macrophyte. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 41(4): 391-397.

Assaha DVM, Ueda A, Saneoka H, Al-Yahyai R and Yaish MW, 2017. The role of Na⁺ and K⁺ transporters in salt stress adaptation in glycophytes. Frontiers in Physiology 8: 509. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00509.

Ayala-Astorga GI and Alcaraz-Melendez L, 2010. Salinity effects on protein content, lipid peroxidation, pigments, and proline in Paulownia imperialis (Siebold & Zuccarini) and Paulownia fortunei (Seemann & Hemsley) grown in vitro. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology doi:10.2225/vol13-issue5-fulltext-13.

Baatour O, Kaddour R, Aidi Wannes W, Lachaal M and Marzouk B, 2010. Salt effects on the growth, mineral nutrition, essential oil yield and composition of marjoram (Origanum majorana). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 32: 45-51.

Bagheri H, Ladan Moghadam AR and Afshari H, 2014. The effects of foliar application of methanol on growth and secondary metabolites in lavender. International Research Journal ofApplied and Basic Science 8(2): 150-152.

Bandeoglu E, Eyidogan F, Yucel M and Oktem HA, 2004. Antioxidant response of shoots and roots of lentil to
NaCl Salinity stress. Plant Growth Regulation 42: 69-77.

Bates LS, Waldren RP and Teare LD, 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil 39: 205-207.

Becker J and Brawner F, 1996. Scented Geraniums: Knowing, Growing and Enjoying Scented Pelargoniums. Interweave Press, Loveland, Colorado, USA.

Boukhatem MN, Kameli A, Ferhat MA, Saidi F and Mekarnia M, 2013. Rose geranium essential oil as a source of new and safe anti-inflammatory drugs.  Libyan Journal of Medicine 8: 22520. doi: 10.3402/ljm.v8i0.22520.

Boyrahmadi M, Raiesi F and Mohammadi J, 2011. Effects of different levels of soil salinization on growth indices and nutrient uptake by Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Chamran). Journal of Plant Production 18(4): 25-44.

Bradford MM, 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248-254.

Cakmak I, 2000. Role of zinc in protecting plant cells from reactive oxygen species. New Phytology 146: 185–205.

Chen Z, Zhou M, Newman IA, Mendham NJ, Zhang G and Shabala S, 2007. Potassium and sodium relations in salinised barley tissues as a basis of differential salt tolerance. Functional Plant Biology 34: 150–162.

Dorokhov YL, Sheshukova EV and Komarova TV, 2018. Methanol in plant life.  Frontiers in Plant Science 9: 1623. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01623.

Elmann A, Mordechay Sh, Rindner M and Ravid U, 2010. Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of geranium oil in microglial cells. Journal of Functional Foods 2(1): 17-22.

Fall R and Benson AA, 1996. Leaf methanol - the simplest natural product from plants. Trends in Plant Science 1(9): 296-301.

Flowers TJ and Yeo AR, 1995. Breeding for salinity resistance in crop plants: Where next? Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 22(6): 875-884.

Ghannadi A, Bagherinejad MR, Abedi D, Jalali M, Absalan B and Sadeghi N, 2012. Antibacterial activity and composition of essential oils from Pelargonium graveolens L’Her and Vitex agnus-castus L.  Iranian Journal of Microbiology 4(4): 171-176.

Gill SS and Tuteja N, 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 48(12): 909-930.

Gondim FA, de Souza Miranda R, Gomes-Filho E and Tarquinio Prisco J, 2013. Enhanced salt tolerance in maize plants induced by H₂O₂ leaf spraying is associated with improved gas exchange rather than with non-enzymatic antioxidant system. Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology 25(4): 251-260.

Gout E, Aubert S, Bligny R, Rebeille F, Nonomura AR, Benson AA and Douce R, 2000. Metabolism of methanol in plant cells. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Plant Physiology 123(1): 287-296.

Gunes A, Inal A, Alpaslan M, Eraslan F, Bagci EG and Cicek N, 2007. Salicylic acid induced changes on some
physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. Journal of Plant Physiology 164(6): 728-736.

Gupta B and Huang B, 2014. Mechanism of salinity tolerance in plants: physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. International Journal of Genomics 2014: 701596. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/701596.

Helal HM and Mengel K, 1979. Nitrogen metabolism of young barley plants as affected by NaCl-salinity and potassium. Plant and Soil 51: 547–562.

Hernandez LF, Pellegrini CN and Malla LM, 2000. Effect of foliar applications of methanol on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Phyton, International Journal of Experimental Botany 66: 1-8.

Hodges DM, DeLong JM, Forney CF and Prange RK, 1999. Improving the thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substance assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissues containing anthocyanin and other interfering compounds. Planta 207(4): 604-611.

Kalsoom U, Bennett IJ and Boyce MC, 2016. A review of extraction and analysis: methods for studying osmoregulants in plants. 7(1): 1-11. doi: 10.4172/2157-7064.1000315.

Larcher W, 2003. Physiological Plant Ecology. 4th edition. Springer. Germany.

Lee HS, Madhaiyan M, Kim CW, Choi SJ, Chung KY, Sa TM, 2006. Physiological enhancement of early growth of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) by production of phytohormone of N₂-fixing methylotrophic isolates. Biology and Fertility of Soils 42: 402-408.

Leidi EO, Silberbush M, Soares MIM and Lips SH, 1992. Salinity and nitrogen nutrition studies on peanut and cotton plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition 15: 591-604.

Nadali I, Paknejad F, Moradi F, Vazan S, Tookalo M, Jemi Al-Ahmadi M and Pazoki A, 2010. Effects of methanol on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris).  Australian Journal of Crop Science 4(6): 398-401.

Nanjo T, Kobayashi M, Yoshiba Y, Kakubari Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K and Shinozaki K, 1999. Antisense suppression of proline degradation improves tolerance to freezing and salinity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Letters 461: 205–210.

Nguyen HM, Sako K, Matsui A, Suzuki Y, Golam Mostafa M, Ha CV, Tanaka M, Tran LSP, Habu Y and Seki M, 2017. Ethanol enhances high-salinity stress tolerance by detoxifying reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. Frontiers in Plant Science 8:1001.doi:  10.3389/fpls.2017.01001.

Pardo JM and Rubio F, 2011. Na⁺ and K⁺ transporters in plant signaling. In:  Geisler M and Venema K (eds.). Transporters and Pumps in Plant Signaling. Pp. 65–98. Springer, Berlin, Germany.

Prochazkova D, Sairam RK, Srivastava GC and Singh DV, 2001. Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity as the basis of senescence in maize leaves. Plant Science 161(4): 765-771.

Ramadan T and Omran YAMM, 2005. The effect of foliar application of methanol on productivity and fruit quality of grapevine cv. Flame Seedless. Vitis 44(1): 11-16.

Rashidi Fakari F, Tabatabaeichehr M, Kamali H, Rashidi Fakari F and Naseri M, 2015. Effect of inhalation of aroma of Geranium essence on anxiety and physiological parameters during first stage of labor in nulliparous women: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Caring Science 4(2): 135-141.

Rout GR and Sahoo S, 2005. Role of iron in plant growth and metabolism. Reviews in Agricultural Science 3: 1-24.

Sairam RK, Rao KV and Srivastava GC, 2002. Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science 163: 1037-1046.

Sharifi M, Ghorbanli M and Ebrahimzadeh H, 2007. Improved growth of salinity-stressed soybean after inoculation with salt pre-treated mycorrhizal fungi. Journal of Plant Physiology 164(9): 1144-1151.

Shrivastava P and Kumar R, 2015. Soil salinity: a serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 22(2): 123–131.

Sivritepe N and Eris A, 1999. Determination of salt tolerance in some grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) under in vitro conditions. Turkish Journal of Biology 23(4): 473-485.

Sreenivasulu N, Grimm B, Wobus U and Weschke W, 2000. Differential response of antioxidant compounds to
salinity stress in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive seedlings of foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Physiologia Plantarum 109(4): 435-442.

Tester M and Davenport R, 2003. Na⁺ tolerance and Na⁺ transport in higher plants. Annals of Botany 91: 503-527.

Tian Z, Li J, Jia X, Yang F and Wang Z, 2016. Assimilation and translocation of dry matter and phosphorus in rice genotypes affected by salt-alkaline stress sustainability. 8: 568. doi:10.3390/su8060568.

Valifard M, Mohsenzadeh S and Kholdebarin B, 2017. Salinity effects on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Salvia macrosiphon. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology,  Transactions A: Science  41(2): 295-300.

Valizadeh-Kamran R, Vojodi Mehrabani L and Pessarakli M. 2019. Effects of foliar application of methanol on some physiological characteristics of Lavandula stoechas L. under NaCl salinity conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition doi: 10.1080/01904167.2018.1554677.

Vojodi L, Hassanpouraghdam MB, Valizadeh Kamran R and Ebrahimzadeh A, 2017. Soil cover effects on yield and some physiological characteristics of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under methanol foliar application. Journal of Ornamental Plants 7(3): 163-169.

Vojodi Mehrabani L, Valizadeh Kamran R, Hassanpouraghdam MB and Pessarakli M, 2017. Zinc sulfate foliar application effects on some physiological characteristics and phenolic and essential oil contents of Lavandula stoechas L. under sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity conditions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 48(16): 1860-1867.

Zbiec I, Karczmarczyk S and Podsiadlo C, 2003. Response of some cultivated plants to methanol as compared to supplemental irrigation. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities 6(1), #01. http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume6/issue1/agronomy/art-01.html.

Zhang D and Hamauzu Y, 2004. Phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotenoids and antioxidant activity of broccoli and their changes during conventional and microwave cooking. Food Chemistry 88(4): 503-509.